1,3-Propanediol (PDO) is an appealing chemical for use in the production of new types of polymers such as polytrimethyleneterephthalate (PTT). In particular, the recent successful replacement of chemical routes for PDO production by a biological process makes PDO a prominent green chemical from renewable materials. This chapter first briefly describes the properties, uses, and production methods of PDO and PTT. Emphases are then laid on describing the biotechnological production of PDO in more detail, ranging from substrates, microorganisms, metabolic pathway engineering to fermentation processes and downstream processing. The different fermentation processes and downstream processing methods are compared, in terms of both technology and economy. It is evident that not only the glucose-based bioprocess, but also the bioconversion of glycerol into PDO is technologically and economically sound. Especially, a new biorefinery concept using a microbial community for glycerol bioconversion into PDO and bioenergy is illustrated which is attractive due to its simplicity and very low production costs. Perspectives and further research needs to this end are discussed.

User Entrepreneurship beschreibt die unternehmerische Aktivität derer, die Produkte und Dienstleistungen aus eigenem Nutzungsbedürfnis heraus entwickelt haben und anschließend deren Vermarktung selbst übernehmen. Der Prozess des User Entrepreneurships unterscheidet sich von dem des traditionellen Entrepreneurships hauptsächlich durch die Motivation, die der Produktentwicklung und Firmengründung vorangeht. Die besondere Bedeutung der Innovationsaktivität von Nutzern wurde in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten umfangreich erforscht (von Hippel 1988, 2005). Dass von Usern entwickelte Produkte auch oft herausragende kommerzielle Ergebnisse erzielen, verschafft dem darauf häufig folgenden Phänomen des User Entrepreneurships besondere Bedeutung (Shah & Tripsas 2007; Shah et al. 2012). Im folgenden Artikel wird dies näher beleuchtet und Vorschläge zur weiteren Förderung und Erforschung werden formuliert.

Fictitious domain methods facilitate the discretization of boundary value problems by applying simple meshes containing finite elements or cells that do not conform to the geometry of the domain of interest. In this way, the effort of meshing complex domains is shifted to the numerical integration of those elements/cells that are cut by the boundary of the domain. In this chapter, we will first introduce a high-order fictitious domain method and then present adaptive methods that are suited for the numerical integration of broken elements and cells. Since the quadrature schemes presented in this chapter are quite general, they can be applied to the different versions of fictitious domain methods.

Bioreactor processes have to provide an almost optimal environment to microorganisms or cells to promote growth and product formation. The design and operation of a bioreactor as the main element of fermentation is a complex task, not only with respect to a reactor's configuration and size but to the control and mode of operation. In this chapter, some fundamentals are discussed, including process and control strategies and concepts for process development. Next, examples for the use of model-based concepts for the design of experiments, feeding strategies, seed train layout, and control strategies, including simulation tools supporting biotechnological training and education, are shown.

Aerated stirred tank reactors are widely used in the biopharmaceutical industry for cell culture applications due to their flexibility and broad range of uses. This book chapter provides an overview of the main characterization methods for aerated stirred tank reactors in the context of cell culture processes. The methods described include mechanical power input, volumetric mass transfer, flow field, and mixing characterization. Examples are given using stirred tank reactors of different scales, ranging from a 3 L laboratory scale to a 15,000 L industrial scale. The chapter also discusses recent developments in the use of mobile, encapsulated sensors known as Lagrangian Sensor Particles (LSP) for continuous data collection and transmission throughout the entire reactor volume, providing insights from the perspective of cells during a cell culture process. Additionally, the state-of-the-art in numerical flow simulation is discussed, using aerated stirred tank reactors as an example to illustrate the challenges and opportunities offered by numerical flow simulation. It is highlighted that the methods described are specifically focused on cell culture applications, which have lower specific power inputs and aeration rates compared to other types of applications such as microbial fermentations or chemical reactions. The chapter also provides a brief overview of the fundamentals of aerated stirred tank reactors, including their design and components, and emphasizes the importance of equipment characterization for successful process transfer and scale-up in cell culture processes.

A new trend in mathematical modeling of supercritical extraction process from plant material is presented.The most of the previously published models considered properties of the fixed bed of plant material during the extraction to be constant. This assumption might be quite true in the case of plant materials with relatively low quantity of extractables. However, the fixed bed property change may occur in the case of extraction from material with high quantities of extractables. Recently, mathematical model which took into account particle density, bed porosity and particle diameter as variables was derived. In this chapter, the model is further improved by introducing variable solubility of the extract in supercritical fluid. On the basis of new experimental results on the binary equilibrium of the system supercritical fluid - extract present in solid, a relationship between solubility in supercritical fluid and oil content in solid was established. The new model was derived which took into account particle density, bed porosity, particle diameter and solubility in supercritical fluid as variables. The model was verified on results from experiments in which the kintecis of supercritical extraction from rapseed was analyzed. Parameters of the model showed expected behaviour with respect to the change of particle size. Further analysis, shown in this chapter, showed that, if the dependency of solubility from the concentration in the solid phase is not accounted for, the model tends to overestimate the yield of the extraction.The new model is so far, the most realistic model and one of the most demanding models regarding experimental work and mathematical tools for the description of mass transfer in fixed beds.

Mit dem Trend zur Akademisierung und der Zunahme berufsbegleitender und dualer Studiengänge ist eine quantitative Ausweitung bzw. Entgrenzung des „dualen Prinzips“ der Berufsbildung zu verzeichnen. Damit geht aber nicht zugleich eine Organisation im Konzept der Beruflichkeit einher. Eine exemplarische Analyse von berufsbegleitenden Studienangeboten im MINT-Sektor hat gezeigt, dass mit einer berufs- und praxisorientierten Ausrichtung zwar geworben, dieser Anspruch aber in der Realität nicht eingelöst wird. Der Beitrag präsentiert anhand empirischer Forschungsergebnisse zum einen, inwiefern die Studienformate in struktureller und didaktischer Perspektive organisiert sind. Zum anderen werden fördernde bzw. hemmende Faktoren für den Studienerfolg aus Sicht der Teilnehmenden dargestellt. Abschließend wird danach gefragt, welche Rolle dem Konzept der Beruflichkeit vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden Hybridisierung der Bildungslandschaft zukommt.

Durch die zunehmende Elektrifizierung in dem Wärmesektor ergeben sich neue Herausforderungen wie z. B. stark gestiegene Lasten und die damit verbundenen Anforderungen an einen schnellen Netzausbau, aber auch Chancen zur Nutzung von Flexibilitäten im Netzbetrieb. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Methode zur effizienten Planung von mit Wärmenetzen gekoppelten Stromnetzen vor. Zunächst wird das Flexibilitätspotential steuerbarer Verbraucher für die Netzplanung genutzt, um Netzengpässe zu vermeiden und kostenintensive Netzausbauten zu verzögern. Des Weiteren wird ein neuartiger Ansatz zur verteilungsrobusten Optimierung des Betriebs gekoppelter Strom- und Wärmenetze unter Unsicherheiten vorgestellt. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf einem verteilungsrobusten zufallsbeschränkten Leistungsflussmodell (DRCC-OPF), das Unsicherheiten in wetterabhängigen Lastprognosen berücksichtigt. Das Gesamtkonzept integriert beide Ansätze in ein iteratives Planungsverfahren, das die Flexibilität des Netzbetriebs optimiert und gleichzeitig die Robustheit des Zielnetzes langfristig sicherstellt. Das Konzept ist Teil der gesamten integrierten Netzplanungsmethode, die im Rahmen des Teilvorhabens iNeP entwickelt wird.

In diesem Kapitel werden die innovativen und methodischen Ansätze in der Entwicklung von Leichtbaustrukturen am PKT vorgestellt. Es ist eng mit dem Anwendungsfeld Luftfahrt verbunden, das in Kap. 9 Neue Trends in der Flugzeugkabinenentwicklung vorgestellt wird.

In der Erforschung von Produktentwicklungsmethoden spielt die Entwicklung von Methoden und Ansätzen zur Unterstützung für MethodenentwicklerInnen eine wesentliche Rolle.

Alcohols such as methanol and ethanol are crucial for various applications, particularly in the chemical industry and as fuel components. Ethanol, which today is mainly produced from biomass, already contributes significantly to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the road-based transportation sector. However, the direct and pure use of renewable alcohols in various transportation sectors is associated with problems due to their hygroscopic properties and lower energy density. While blending with hydrocarbons is possible in road transport, it is not suitable for aviation. The conversion of these alcohols into long-chain hydrocarbons such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel offers a viable solution that fits seamlessly into the existing fuel infrastructure. This paper analyses the process routes from alcohol to hydrocarbon components and demonstrates their potential to defossilize the mobility sector. The alcohol-hydrocarbon route is not yet being implemented on a commercial scale. One of the main obstacles is the relatively higher cost of such alcohols compared to the price of fossil fuels and the possibility of using such alcohols directly for road-based transportation without further processing.

The conversion routes for kerosene produced from biogenic alcohols are referred typically to as "Alcohol-to-Jet"-processes (AtJ). The required alcohols can be obtained via different bio-chemical and/or thermo-chemical routes from organic matter. Since both sugary and starchy biomass (with established technology) as well as lignocellulosic biomass and organic waste (with future technology) may be converted into a sugar or alcohol dilution, Alcohol-to-Jet-processes (AtJ) potentially access a broad feedstock base for future aviation biofuel supply1. Thus within this contribution firstly the various methods of alcohol production are described in detail. Then further processing of the alcohol to liquid hydrocarbon fuels is explained. Besides the "classical" bioethanol production which is globally established at industrial scale also "innovative" processes (e.g. bio-chemical production of butanol, thermo-chemical synthesis of methanol) are discussed. Thereafter, the status of the technical implementation of these various processes is presented. Finally, the main findings are summarized.

Mikro- und Makroalgen sowie Cyanobakterien sind photosynthetisch aktive Biomasse, die in wässriger Umgebung wächst, und verglichen mit Landpflanzen effektiver bei der Nutzung der verfügbaren Sonnenenergie zur Synthese von organischem Material ist. Das Interesse an einer intensiveren Nutzung dieser Organismen ist groß, da sie zum Einen bei der Kultivierung nicht um die nutzbaren und nur begrenzt verfügbaren Agrarflächen konkurrieren und zum Anderen viele Einsatzmöglichkeiten beispielsweise als Energieträger, als Lebensmittel, in der Kosmetikindustrie und auch in der Pharmaindustrie bieten. Diese Biomasse gezielt zu züchten ist jedoch mit einigen Herausforderungen verbunden, da sie einerseits von äußeren Einflüssen wie Temperatur, Nährstoffgehalt und Lichtintensität stark beeinflusst wird und andererseits auch die Ernte bzw. Aufreinigung noch einige Hürden mit sich bringt. In diesem Kapitel werden biologische Grundlagen zur Algenproduktion sowie unterschiedliche Produktionssysteme vorgestellt und diskutiert.

In the following basic principles of algorithms computing guaranteed bounds are developed from a theoretical and a practical point of view. Some fundamental theoretical facts are repeated where, for more detailed information, the reader is referred to the literature (...) Furthermore practical aspects are discussed, especially how the process of computing a guaranteed result really works performed by means of checking assumptions of mathematical theorems. This checking process is performed automatically. The various steps from the mathematical theorem down to the practical verification are described in detail. In contrast, standard floating-point algorithms usually deliver good approximations to the solution of a given numerical problem but there is neither a verification or a solution to the given problem actually exist. There are simple examples where the floating-point approximation is drstically wrong. A programming environment has been developed which allows to specify commands to the computer in mathematical notation. Because the system (preliminary name CALCULUS) works interactively, no type specification is necessary at all allowing specifying algorithms like in a math book. CALCULUS works right now on IBM System /370 machines under VM operating system. It is planned to have a C version for IBM System/2, SUN work stations and others available early next year. Some examples demonstrating the system are presented.

This chapter provides a probabilistic framework for formulating classical probability theory, quantum probability, thermodynamics, diffusion, and the Wiener integral using a set of four axioms or principles. It explains everything that conventional quantum information theory and classical probability theory achieve. We want to emphasize that this framework is not an interpretation of quantum mechanics such as “Many-Worlds,” “Bohm’s Theory,” or the “Copenhagen interpretation.” It is much more general and can be viewed as a probability algorithm that calculates probabilities of future events. As a result, previously perplexing paradoxes find resolution. In particular, the superposition principle takes on a new meaning. Our probabilistic framework stands apart from the Hilbert space formalism. It relies solely on elementary set theory, classical logic, and complex numbers. Consequently, this theory is accessible for instruction in educational settings. This framework can be regarded as an axiomatic approach to probability in the sense of Hilbert. In his sixth of the twenty-three open problems presented at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900, Hilbert called for an axiomatic probability theory.

This contribution discusses the construction and the utility of anisotropic kernels for numerical fluid flow simulation. So far, commonly used radial kernels, such as Gaussians, (inverse) multiquadrics and polyharmonic splines, were proven to be powerful tools in various applications of multivariate scattered data approximation. Due to the well-known uncertainty principle, however, their resulting reconstruction methods are often critical when it comes to combine high order approximation with numerical stability. In many cases this leads to severe limitations, especially when it comes to fluid flow simulations. Therefore, more sophisticated kernel methods are required. In this paper, we show how to obtain anisotropic positive definite kernels from standard kernels rather directly. Our proposed construction yields a new class of more flexible kernels that are particularly useful for fluid flow simulations. To this end, the finite volume particle method is used as a prototype of our discussion, where scattered data approximation is needed in the recovery step of weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) reconstructions. Supporting numerical examples and comparisons are provided.

The paper is concerned with the minimal drag problem in shape optimization of merchant ships exposed to turbulent two-phase flows. Attention is directed to the solution of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations using a Finite Volume method. Central aspects are the use of a p-Laplacian relaxed steepest descent direction and the introduction of crucial technical constraints to the optimization procedure, i.e. the center of buoyancy and the displacement of the underwater hull. The example included refers to the frequently investigated Kriso container ship (KCS).

Digitalization is playing an increasingly important role in the information flow of today’s supply chains. In particular, in logistics, the adoption of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing, blockchain, or machine learning offers the potential to increase data availability and quality. Using inter-organizational communication systems, private and public stakeholders can integrate their information flows. Within this paper, we analyze with transport planning, tracking, and cargo monitoring three use cases for the adoption of decentralized systems focusing on maritime logistics. For this purpose, a software artifact was developed using the Design Science Research (DSR) approach. During the development process, four central design principles could be identified: user orientation, interoperability, data security, and decentralization. Based on these principles, a concept was developed for a decentralized information system that contributes to further automation and standardization of the information flow, while considering requirements such as confidentiality, neutrality, and accessibility.