Song, ShiShiSongEhlers, SörenSörenEhlersBraun, MoritzMoritzBraunvon Bock und Polach, Rüdiger Ulrich FranzRüdiger Ulrich Franzvon Bock und PolachPrabowo, Aditya RioAditya RioPrabowo2025-01-162025-01-162024-12-19Results in Engineering 25: 103779 (2024-12-19)https://tore.tuhh.de/handle/11420/53242Although bulb flats have been numerically modelled in many ship structural analysis, whether a bulb flat model should be accepted and applied is seldom discussed. Thus, it is worthwhile to investigate the evaluation of numerical models, which can be accomplished by fidelity assessment. However, there has been no systematic fidelity assessment for bulb flat models. This is due to the absence of sufficient information or assessment strategy. To enable this, in this study, a “3Co principle” is introduced as a framework for the fidelity assessment. Moreover, two bulb flat models, namely the shell-only model and the beam & shell model, are fully described with their relevant data. Following this, the fidelities of these two models are gradually examined using the 3Co principle. It is revealed in this study that, the fidelity of bulb flat model can be systematically assessed via the 3Co principle, together with sufficient information. The results of the presented research are believed to provide a sound basis for the use of bulb flat models in future applications regarding non-linear ship structural analysis.en2590-12302024Elsevierhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Bulb flat | Fidelity assessment | Non-linear analysis | Numerical model | Numerical simulation | Ship structureTechnology::623: Military Engineering and Marine EngineeringNatural Sciences and Mathematics::518: Numerical AnalysisJournal Articlehttps://doi.org/10.15480/882.1432610.1016/j.rineng.2024.10377910.15480/882.14326Journal Article