Piontek, SinaSinaPiontekFitschen, JürgenJürgenFitschenWeiland, ChristianChristianWeilandHabicher, TobiasTobiasHabicherSchlüter, MichaelMichaelSchlüterWucherpfennig, ThomasThomasWucherpfennig2026-02-192026-02-192026-01-21Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 13: 1688774 (2026)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/61554Wave bioreactors are commonly used in biopharmaceutical upstream processes as an intermediate stage between shake flasks and stirred tanks within the seed train. They offer a controlled environment for cell cultivation while minimizing shear stress. Accurate characterization of these systems is essential for optimizing cell culture performance, particularly as state of the art cell lines require higher volumetric mass transfer coefficients k<inf>L</inf>a. This study aims to determine the volumetric mass transfer coefficient through experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. An improved experimental method for the measurements of the volumetric mass transfer is presented, with results correlated to key process parameters: rocking angle, rocking rate, and filling volume. In addition, CFD simulations were caried out using M-Star CFD by means of a Lattice-Boltzmann Method-based solver. The mass transfer was calculated using Higbie’s penetration theory, incorporating the Kolmogorov scale to define contact time. The analysis also integrates concepts from Friedl and the surface renewal model, introducing the surface normal velocity as an additional parameter in the mass transfer coefficient k<inf>L</inf> calculation. Analyzes were carried out for 10 and 50 L wave bioreactors, with one degree of freedom movement. Optimized process parameters were identified and validated in biological cultivations, resulting in increased dissolved oxygen levels in the medium. These findings contribute to improved characterization and control of wave bioreactors, enabling more accurate prediction of process parameter effects.en2296-41852026Frontiers Media SAhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/CFDprocess optimizationrocked bioreactorsingle usevolumetric mass transfer coefficientwave bioreactorTechnology::660: Chemistry; Chemical EngineeringNatural Sciences and Mathematics::577: EcologyTechnology::620: Engineering::620.1: Engineering Mechanics and Materials ScienceJournal Articlehttps://doi.org/10.15480/882.1671510.3389/fbioe.2025.168877410.15480/882.16715Journal Article