Hauff, SvenSvenHauffRichter, Nicole FranziskaNicole FranziskaRichterRingle, Christian M.Christian M.Ringle2025-03-242025-03-242025-02-24International Journal of Human Resource Management (in Press): (2025)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/54892This paper emphasizes that paying greater attention to how human resource management (HRM) systems are conceptualized in empirical studies could provide more actionable insights and increase the impact of HRM systems research. We advocate the use of formative measurement models, arguing that this approach aligns better with the concept of HRM systems, and allows for a nuanced understanding of how each HRM practice and the system contribute to the outcomes of interest. In the same vein, we advocate the use of hierarchical component models, which allow a multi-level conceptualization representing HRM practices, the HRM system, and their intermediate levels of abstraction (e.g. ability, motivation, and opportunities as subcomponents of high-performance work systems). As a result, HRM systems research can move beyond general assertions and instead offer specific and actionable recommendations. We discuss and illustrate how these conceptual ideas can be implemented in partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), and enriched by predictive model evaluation following state-of-the-art guidelines.en1466-43992025https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/formative measurement | hierarchical component models | HRM systems | partial least squares-structural equation modeling | PLS-SEM | predictive model assessmentTechnology::658: General ManagamentSocial Sciences::300: Social SciencesNatural Sciences and Mathematics::519: Applied Mathematics, ProbabilitiesJournal Articlehttps://doi.org/10.15480/882.1494310.1080/09585192.2025.246466810.15480/882.14943Journal Article