Paukner, DanielDanielPauknerJennings, Isabella R.Isabella R.JenningsCyron, Christian J.Christian J.CyronHumphrey, Jay DowellJay DowellHumphrey2024-07-192024-07-192024-09-01Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 157: 106639 (2024)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/48402An intricate reciprocal relationship exists between adherent synthetic cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM). These cells deposit, organize, and degrade the ECM, which in turn influences cell phenotype via responses that include sensitivity to changes in the mechanical state that arises from changes in external loading. Collagen-based tissue equivalents are commonly used as simple but revealing model systems to study cell–matrix interactions. Nevertheless, few quantitative studies report changes in the forces that the cells establish and maintain in such gels under dynamic loading. Moreover, most prior studies have been limited to uniaxial experiments despite many soft tissues, including arteries, experiencing multiaxial loading in vivo. To begin to close this gap, we use a custom biaxial bioreactor to subject collagen gels seeded with primary aortic smooth muscle cells to different biaxial loading conditions. These conditions include cyclic loading with different amplitudes as well as different mechanical constraints at the boundaries of a cruciform sample. Irrespective of loading amplitude and boundary condition, similar mean steady-state biaxial forces emerged across all tests. Additionally, stiffness-force relationships assessed via intermittent equibiaxial force–extension tests showed remarkable similarity for ranges of forces to which the cells adapted during periods of cyclic loading. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a load-mediated homeostatic response by vascular smooth muscle cells.en1878-01802024Elsevierhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Biaxial testingCell–matrix interactionCell-seeded collagen gelsMechanobiologyTensional homeostasisTissue engineeringTechnology::620: EngineeringNatural Sciences and Mathematics::570: Life Sciences, BiologyJournal Article10.15480/882.1314610.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.10663910.15480/882.13146Journal Article