Campbell, GrantGrantCampbellSmith, PetePeteSmithBroothaerts, NilsNilsBroothaertsPanagos, PanosPanosPanagosJones, ArwynArwynJonesBallabio, CristianoCristianoBallabioDe Rosa, DanieleDanieleDe RosaDe Jonge, Lis WollesenLis WollesenDe JongeArthur, EmmanuelEmmanuelArthurGomes, LucasLucasGomesShokri, NimaNimaShokriAfshar, Mehdi H.Mehdi H.AfsharToth, GergelyGergelyTothLehmann, PeterPeterLehmannBorrelli, PasqualePasqualeBorrelliAlewell, ChristineChristineAlewellMinařík, RobertRobertMinaříkHengl, TomislavTomislavHenglWheeler, IchsaniIchsaniWheelerMaskell, LindsayLindsayMaskellNussbaum, MadleneMadleneNussbaumJones, LaurenceLaurenceJonesFeeney, ChristopherChristopherFeeneyRobinson, David A.David A.Robinson2025-09-092025-09-092025-07-01European journal of soil science 76 (4): e70174 (2025)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/57336Globally, soils are subjected to various management practices and stressors which can lead to degradation. This makes their protection essential for sustaining many functions and services as well as maintaining the overall life support system of Earth. National monitoring programmes are increasingly implemented to evaluate the state and trend of soils, a move which has been advocated by the Mission Soil in Europe. In soil science, frameworks have been established to interpret and communicate soil monitoring results, concentrating on the concept of quality, a term which can be interpreted in many ways. This paper explores the multifaceted meaning of soil quality, addressing its implications for future soil health assessments. It achieves this by focusing on the context of the Mission Soil. Soil health is a holistic concept embracing emergence, complexity and highlighting long-term vitality and resilience. In contrast, soil quality is often viewed through the lens of its capacity to meet specific human needs and functions, typically in a shorter timeframe. The concept of quality is assessed through indicators where the choice of framework significantly influences selection and interpretation. However, selecting appropriate soil indicators across Europe is challenging due to diverse climate, topography, geology and soil types, resulting in varied soil processes. Therefore, establishing clear principles and criteria for soil indicator selection is essential. Our paper identifies four distinct frameworks for soil quality assessment: ‘Fitness for Purpose’, ‘Free from Degradation’, ‘External Benchmarking’ and ‘Value Assessment’, with each possessing a unique role and application. Notably, the ‘Free from Degradation’ framework is emphasised for its alignment with soil protection efforts and its relevance to soil threats. This makes it particularly suitable for pan-European assessments conducted by the European Union Soil Observatory (EUSO).en1365-238920254Wileyhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/degradationEuropeMission Soilqualitysoil healthSoil Monitoring LawNatural Sciences and Mathematics::551: Geology, Hydrology Meteorology::551.3: Surface and Exogenous Processes and their AgentsTechnology::630: Agriculture and Related TechnologiesSocial Sciences::333: Economics of Land and Energy::333.7: Natural Resources, Energy and EnvironmentReview Articlehttps://doi.org/10.15480/882.1585210.1111/ejss.7017410.15480/882.15852Review Article