Scherzinger, MarvinMarvinScherzingerKaltschmitt, MartinMartinKaltschmitt2019-08-162019-08-162019-06-20Journal of Ecological Engineering 7 (20): 134-146 (2019)http://hdl.handle.net/11420/3109In order to overcome several obstacles when using lignocellulosic biomass as solid fuel, different heat induced pre-treatment techniques are available. Such a pre-treatment can be realized either within a gaseous or within a hydrothermal or vapothermal atmosphere. Below, the main reactions, occurring in the respective atmosphere at temperatures below 300°C, typical for such a pre-treatment, are discussed. Different pre-treatment techniques realized at this temperature range were introduced, characterized and compared with each other. This comparison included the current state of research, the market proximity, the process parameters as well as applicable educts and product properties.en2299-899320197134146Polish Soc. of Ecological Engineering, Branch in Lublinhydrothermal carbonizationvapothermal carbonizationtorrefactionautoclave pre-treatmentlignocellulosic biomassTechnikJournal Article10.12911/22998993/109876Other