Hadjiloo, ElnazElnazHadjilooKnutz, StefanieStefanieKnutzGrabe, JürgenJürgenGrabe2023-12-182023-12-182024-03-30International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 125 (6): (2024-03-30)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/44662This article presents the application of the TOSS (topology optimization for stiffness and strength) algorithm, a hybrid optimization strategy for topology optimization, used for the design of a strip foundation as a basic geotechnical structure. One of the challenges of this field is to improve structural performance by using less material than conventional structures. Therefore, the SIMP (solid isotropic material with penalization) is applied to optimize the foundation concerning its deformational behavior. The downstream SKO (soft kill option) then solves for optimality concerning the foundation's stress distribution. Numerical experiments with the TOSS algorithm reveal great potential for material savings. The coupled solution presents the benefit of reducing (Formula presented.) emissions due to material savings of more than 20% in comparison to the individual SIMP and SKO algorithms. A positive by-product of the method is that stress peaks under the foundation are reduced due to the homogenization of stresses as a result of SKO optimization, thus creating the conditions for better durability of the foundation.en0029-598120246John Wiley and Sons Ltdhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/hybrid topology optimizationSIMPSKOtopology optimizationTOSSEarth Sciences, GeologyEngineering and Applied OperationsJournal Article10.15480/882.895210.1002/nme.7410Journal Article