Düsterhöft-Wriggers, WibkeWibkeDüsterhöft-WriggersRung, ThomasThomasRung2025-04-082025-04-082025-06-01Ocean Engineering 328: 121049 (2025)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/55258A novel monolithic approach for simulating vessels in waves with granular cargo is presented using a Finite Volume framework. The integrated approach aims to develop a tool for maritime safety analysis and design optimization of bulk carriers. The computational model integrates a three-phase Volume of Fluid method to represent air, water, and cargo, coupled with a material model that applies a rigid-perfectly plastic material model for the granular phase. The approach takes into account the floating motion of the ship using a rigid body motion solver for three degrees of freedom and is supplemented by inviscid far-field boundary conditions facilitating the generation of linear waves approaching the vessel. The model's efficacy is demonstrated through a validation of the three-phase Volume of the Fluid method, a verification of the granular material model, and finally, a reconstruction of the accident of the “Jian Fu Star” bulk carrier in a fully 3D simulation.en0029-80182025Elsevierhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/3DoF rigid body motion | Bulk carrier | Cargo liquefaction | Granular cargo | Three-phase flowTechnology::623: Military Engineering and Marine EngineeringJournal Articlehttps://doi.org/10.15480/882.1503510.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.12104910.15480/882.15035Journal Article