Haj-Ahmed, MohammedMohammedHaj-AhmedHawa, MohammedMohammedHawaBecker, ChristianChristianBecker2025-06-022025-06-022025-01-31IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 61 (3): 5230-5241 (2025)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/55743In this paper, the robust features of wireless sensor networks are utilized in tele-protection systems. Cognitive radio algorithms are applied to transfer tripping signals from one substation to another in a permissive underreach transfer tripping scheme. The dependability, security, and cost of the proposed scheme is discussed within this paper and is compared with other common communication links in tele-protection schemes. The proposed scheme offers a broad communication network that allows the relays at the remote substations to communicate with each other, which permits a more dependable backup protection without the need for third zone settings of the distance relay. Hence, the impacts of load encroachment and infeed are mitigated. A cyber-physical co-simulation is run in MATLAB/SIMULINK to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.en1939-93672025352305241IEEECognitive radio | distance protection | permissive underreach transfer tripping | third zone of distance relayTechnology::600: TechnologyJournal Article10.1109/TIA.2025.3537078Journal Article