Ihrens, JanaJanaIhrensEckert, KathrinKathrinEckertSmirnova, IrinaIrinaSmirnovaKern, Thorsten AlexanderThorsten AlexanderKern2024-10-232024-10-232024-10-30Heliyon 10 (20): e39138 (2024)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/49808Miniature actuators are utilized in various application fields, from robotics to medical devices, where compact dimensions, precise movements, and cost-effectiveness are crucial factors. Particularly for applications like braille displays, there is a critical demand for lightweight, portable, and affordable actuators to integrate into daily life for visually impaired people. However, existing actuation technologies such as electroactive polymers, electrorheological materials, and piezoelectric elements often do not meet the specific requirements of miniature actuators, especially for braille displays. Therefore, this study investigates the behavior of electrorheological fluids incorporated into polymer matrices of cellulose and proteins for miniature actuators to overcome the primary challenge of sedimentation through the structuring of the liquid. The gel formulations are tested in three distinct setups: the V-shaped, horizontal plates, and valve system. These experiments demonstrated immediate structural changes in the gel formulations, achieving reversible movement. Furthermore, the valve setup even enabled the analysis of the strength of the hardened mixtures by the resistance against applied air pressure. The results demonstrate that incorporating electrorheological fluids into polymer matrices is not only feasible but also preserves the characteristic behavior of electrorheological fluids under electrical field exposure. This behavior validates the applicability and suitability of modified electrorheological fluid mixtures in miniature actuators.en2405-8440202420Elsevierhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ActuatorsBrailleElectrorheological fluidsLyogelsMiniature actuatorOleogelsTactile displayTechnology::620: Engineering::620.1: Engineering Mechanics and Materials Science::620.11: Engineering MaterialsJournal Article10.15480/882.1356610.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e3913810.15480/882.13566Journal Article