Anstett, PhilippPhilippAnstettSchulthoff, MichaelMichaelSchulthoffKaltschmitt, MartinMartinKaltschmitt2026-02-262026-02-262026-02-16Applied Energy 410: 127435 (2026)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/61710The transport sector accounts for about 22% of Germany's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is amongst the most difficult parts of the energy system to decarbonize. The most commonly discussed options for the transport sector are the electrification of drivetrains and the use of renewable fuels. Especially in road transport, the future development depends on millions of individual purchase decisions, which introduces significant uncertainty regarding the speed and extent of electrification. Against this background, this study generates possible ramp-up curves for battery electric vehicles (BEV) using well-established diffusion models, historical vehicle stock data, data for BEV in Germany and literature expectations for future development trends concerning the electrification in road transport. These ramp-up curves are integrated into the vehicle stock in order to investigate the impact of different ramp-ups of BEV on the legal framework and GHG emission reduction obligations in the transport sector. The results show that the energy demand (and its composition) of the sector is strongly influenced by the degree of electrification in road transport. However, even with high shares of BEV in the vehicle stock, a significant use of renewable fuels will be necessary to meet the regulatory framework conditions under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), the German GHG quota and the German Climate Change Act (KSG) in order to realize both blending quotas and absolute GHG emission reductions according to the German sector targets for transport.en1872-91182026Elsevierhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Battery electric vehiclesClimate targetsEmission reductionsLegal frameworkRenewable fuelsTransport sectorSocial Sciences::333: Economics of Land and Energy::333.7: Natural Resources, Energy and EnvironmentSocial Sciences::388: TransportationSocial Sciences::363: Other Social Problems and ServicesJournal Articlehttps://doi.org/10.15480/882.1676210.1016/j.apenergy.2026.12743510.15480/882.16762Journal Article