Sarstedt, MarkoMarkoSarstedtHair, Joseph F.Joseph F.HairCheah, Jun HwaJun HwaCheahBecker, Jan-MichaelJan-MichaelBeckerRingle, Christian M.Christian M.Ringle2019-12-122019-12-122019-06-21Australasian Marketing Journal 27 (3): 197-211 (2019-08-01)http://hdl.handle.net/11420/4003Higher-order constructs, which facilitate modeling a construct on a more abstract higher-level dimension and its more concrete lower-order subdimensions, have become an increasingly visible trend in applications of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Unfortunately, researchers frequently confuse the specification, estimation, and validation of higher-order constructs, for example, when it comes to assessing their reliability and validity. Addressing this concern, this paper explains how to evaluate the results of higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM using the repeated indicators and the two-stage approaches, which feature prominently in applied social sciences research. Focusing on the reflective-reflective and reflective-formative types of higher-order constructs, we use the well-known corporate reputation model example to illustrate their specification, estimation, and validation. Thereby, we provide the guidance that scholars, marketing researchers, and practitioners need when using higher-order constructs in their studies.en1441-3582201927197211Australian & New Zealand Marketing AcademyHierarchical component modelsHigher-order constructsPartial least squaresPath modelingPLS-SEMSecond-order constructsWirtschaftJournal Article10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003Other