Westerkamp, FelixFelixWesterkampThies, ChristianChristianThies2026-09-172026-09-172026Sustainability Analytics and Modeling 6: 100071 (2026)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/64919Global supply chains have traditionally been optimized for economic efficiency, but increasing regulatory pressure and rising stakeholder expectations are shifting the focus toward ecological and social sustainability. Meeting these evolving demands requires supply chain network designs that balance multiple, often conflicting objectives. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization framework for sustainable supply chain network design that integrates ecological, economic, and social considerations. Supply chain processes are modeled using activity analysis, and their impacts are evaluated through a diverse set of sustainability indicators embedded in the objective function to reflect the heterogeneous preferences of multiple decision-makers. An a posteriori optimization approach is used to generate a Pareto front, enabling the transparent analysis of trade-offs between competing sustainability goals and the selection of a solution that aligns best with the decision-maker’s strategic priorities. The framework’s applicability is demonstrated through a case study on the lithium-ion battery supply chain for electric mobility, which is characterized by highly globalized structures and significant environmental and social challenges. The approach supports both manufacturers in optimizing sourcing and production decisions and regulators in assessing the systemic effects of policy interventions, ultimately contributing to informed decision-making for sustainability transitions in critical global industries.en2667-25962026Elsevierhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Supply chain network designSustainabilityMulti-objective optimizationBattery supply chainTechnology::620: EngineeringJournal Article10.1016/j.samod.2026.100071