Singer, Julian AlexanderJulian AlexanderSingerHasmann, JonasJonasHasmannGeläschus, AntonAntonGeläschusKuhl, MatthiasMatthiasKuhl2024-01-022024-01-022024-03-01IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 71 (3): 1566-1570 (2024-03-01)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/44824In this brief, a fully integrated inverting voltage converter for biasing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated single-photon avalanche diodes is presented. The design uses a dual-chain inverting Dickson charge pump architecture to generate a negative high voltage output from a single positive supply with a voltage gain factor larger than five, reaching a peak conversion efficiency of up to 20 %. A closed-loop controller is implemented for output stabilization. At a set output voltage of text-series-to-math-18for the used diodes, a maximum output power of text-series-to-math500with a conversion efficiency of 18 % can be achieved. Relying solely on metal sandwich capacitors, the design is resilient to continuous negative high voltage effects and can be used in medical implantable devices requiring long-term reliability. Due to the full integration of all components, it is suitable for low-power implantable medical systems and paves the way towards fully integrated, implanted in-body sensing systems using single-photon avalanche diodes that require negative high voltage biasing. This opens up new fields for uses of high precision and fluorescence imaging in portable devices, not limited to medical devices.en1549-77472024315661570IEEEbiomedicalCapacitorscharge pumpCharge pumpsCMOSDicksonimplantsIntegrated circuitsinvertingMetalsnegative high voltageSingle-photon avalanche diodesSPADSwitchesVoltagevoltage converterEngineering and Applied OperationsElectrical Engineering, Electronic EngineeringJournal Article10.1109/TCSII.2023.3342039Journal Article