Koike, HiroakiHiroakiKoikeDostal, LeoLeoDostalSawada, RyoheiRyoheiSawadaMiyauchi, YoshikiYoshikiMiyauchiMaki, AtsuoAtsuoMaki2023-11-242023-11-242023-10-28Journal of Marine Science and Technology 28: 733-745 (2023-10-28)https://hdl.handle.net/11420/44322Many technologies need to be established to realize autonomous ships. In particular, accurate state estimation in real time is one of the most important technologies. In the ship and ocean engineering fields, there have been many studies on state estimation using nonlinear Kalman filters. Several methods have been proposed for nonlinear Kalman filters. However, there is insufficient verification on the selection of which filter should be applied among them. Therefore, this study aims to validate the filter selection to provide a guideline for filter selection. The effects of modeling error, observation noise, and type of maneuvers on the estimation accuracy of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) used in this study were investigated. In addition, it was verified whether filtering could be performed in real time. The results show that modeling error significantly impacts the estimation accuracy of the UKF and EnKF. However, the observation noise and types of maneuvers did not have an impact like the modeling error. Thus, we obtained the guideline that UKF and EnKF should be used differently depending on the required computation time. We also obtained that keeping the modeling error sufficiently small is essential to improving the estimation accuracy.en0948-42802023733745Springerhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/EnKFKalman filterMMG modelState estimationUKFEarth Sciences, GeologyEngineering and Applied OperationsJournal Article10.15480/882.886810.1007/s00773-023-00953-610.15480/882.8868Journal Article