In this research paper, the aerodynamic performance of the blade of horizontal axis wind turbine has been investigated numerically based on the the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method. The blade in this analysis is divided into several computational elements, where assumed no aerodynamic interaction between the elements. The primary objective is to analyze the blade performance under certain initial and boundary conditions. In addition to investigate the effect of geometrical parameters that include the radius of the blade tip, the blade twist, the lift-to-drag ratio and the induction factors as the primary dynamic parameters on the performance of the wind blade. It was determined the design parameters for a wind turbine that built using NACA4415 airfoil shape. It was found that the total thrust force, the total torque and the total power that would be generated by the selected wind turbine are 3739.5 N, 1827.0 N.m and 29.9 kW, respectively. The results also showed that reducing the number of blade elements results in an underestimation of the results based on aerodynamic predictions. Therefore, the number of blade elements needs to be adequately selected for reliable solution of BEM equations. It was found that the maximum value of the differential power along the radial position on the wind turbine span occurred at r/R=0.8. Furthermore, the maximum percentages of increment in the axial induction factor when change the radial position from the tip to the root of blade was 62%. While, for the tangential induction factor was decreased by 88% for the same change.

With the decreasing availability of fossil carbon sources new synthesis routes for pharmaceuticals and finechemicals find growing interest. Higher oligosaccharide laminaribiose can be produced by enzymatic synthesis from inexpensive sucrose. For an economic process an in-situ product removal by adsorption is investigated. BEA 50 zeolite shows high potential for application due to its good adsorption properties. Isotherms show Langmuir behavior and adequate loadings of nearly 100 mg · g-1 can be reached. Other intermediates formed during the process do not adsorb on this zeolite or show weaker adsorption. Further thermal desorption can be used to regain laminaribiose. However the use of BEA 50 zeolite needs a sophisticated desorption process because of the zeolites' high acidity which catalyzes the degradation of laminaribiose. Hence lower temperatures have to be used or combined with displacement desorption. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.

The efficiency of mobile electrical devices increased over the last years. Self-supply by harvesting ambient energy became a possibility of reducing operational costs by ruling out the need of battery replacement. Many energy harvesting devices employ cantilever configurations with base excitation to increase the effective displacement. The proposed design extends this design with an electromagnetic harvesting device (EMH) placed at its tip. It features an alternating stack of magnets with opposing poles and discs of highly permeable material. The composite cylinder is encircled by coils. This EMH design has successfully been employed for ocean wave harvesting and vehicle suspension systems. Its efficiency with respect to mass and energy output is compared to a previously published design using a single magnet placed at the tip moving within a coil. There exists proof that combining readily available technologies into a so-called coupled or hybrid design can increase the efficiency in comparison to respective stand-alone designs. Once the model for the proposed design is derived and evaluated, it is extended by a cantilevered excitation. Piezoelectric layers for hybrid harvesting may be included in future research. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.

The study of new joining technologies for multimaterial structures is motivated by the environmental friendly policy of weight reduction in the automotive industry. Friction-based Injection Clinching Joining (F-ICJ) (European Patent Application EP 14182938.2) is a new staking-based joining technique, which uses frictional heating to produce joints in an energy-efficient and fast manner. In F-ICJ a non-consumable tool applies friction and force to soften or melt and deform a polymeric stud fitted in a through hole of a joining partner. After consolidation, the deformed stud (stake) mechanically joins the partners by creating a staked joint. The thermomechanical process exposes the polymer to high temperatures (250 - 290°C) and deformation rates resulting from the combination of tool rotational speeds of 8000-12000 rpm and short joining cycles (5-10 seconds). Resulting changes in material properties can affect the global performance of the joints. This study aims to investigate the chemical changes occurred in the polymeric partner of hybrid joints on polyetherimide (PEI) and aluminum 6082-T6. Molecular weight distribution (Size-Exclusion Chromatography - SEC) and chemical structure (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - FTIR) analyses were performed on the base material and PEI extracted from a joint to evidence any possible chemical changes caused by frictional heating. The polymeric sample from the joint showed number-average molecular weight (Mn) 23% smaller and weight-average molecular weight (Mw) 15% smaller than the PEI base material. FTIR spectra show reduction in the intensity of phthalimide bands owing to the F-ICJ process. Therefore, these analyses identified the extension of chain scission in the PEI caused by shear and heat imposed by F-ICJ process, which are fundamental for process optimization.

The main aim of this research paper is to study and analyze the performance of three different types of Grid- Tied of Photo -Voltaic (PV) solar technology systems under Baghdad climate conditions in the winter season. The first one is Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HIT) of 15 kWP, Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) of 4.95 kWp and Monocrystalline Silicon (mono-Si) of 5.05 kWP that installed on the roof of the training and research office followed to the ministry of electricity and the two others installed in Mansour Factory. Where these systems are located in Iraq- Baghdad "latitude 33.3 °N, longitude 44.4 °E and 41 m above the sea level". The months to achieve the experimental work are January, February, and December of 2019. The highest values of daily energy produced for (HIT), (CIGS), and (mono-Si) in February were (77.35, 23.4, 22.58) kWh/day, respectively. While, the minimum values of energy produced in December by HIT, CIGS, and mono-Si were (48.58, 20.34, 16.86) kWh/day, respectively. It was found that the daily overall losses were higher in mono-Si in overall winter months, and maximum systems losses in December and minimum one in February. HIT Systems efficiency was higher than other systems and getting between February and December (14.65-12.97) % while (12.46-11.87) %, (10.49-9.19) % fo r CIGS and mono-Si systems respectively. The energy yield of HIT, CIGS, and Mono-Si systems varied in February and December between (5.24-3.29) kWh/kWp, (4.72-4.1) kWh/kWp, and (4.47-3.34) kWh/kWp, respectively. Performance ratio was higher in all months for CIGS systems that varied between (82.6-84) %.

This study shows that a modification with ultralow filler content of novel single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) converts an intrinsic insulating GFRP into one with antistatic properties. These properties remain even by adding pigments for customizing without affecting the wanted bright coloring (e.g. signal color). We developed a bright colored and antistatic glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) by addition of carbon nanoparticle and pigments. Novel, in industrial scale available SWCNT dispersed in polyester resin with low content of volatile organic compounds (VOC) show an ultra-low percolation threshold of 0.005wt.%. This ultralow filler content leads to the required conductivity as well as a given transparency of the nano composite. In a next step, we transferred these properties into a GFRP, manufactured by infusion process. The addition of pigments lead to the individual coloring of the GFRP. Both, the SWCNT modified and SWCNT colorized GFRP fulfilled the required electrical resistances for ESD protection.

At early project stages, the main CSP plant design parameters such as turbine capacity, solar field size, and thermal storage capacity are varied during the techno-economic optimization to determine most suitable plant configurations. In general, a typical meteorological year with at least hourly time resolution is used to analyze each plant configuration. Different software tools are available to simulate the annual energy yield. Software tools offering a thermodynamic modeling approach of the power block and the CSP thermal cycle, such as EBSILONProfessional®, allow a flexible definition of plant topologies. In EBSILON, the thermodynamic equilibrium for each time step is calculated iteratively (quasi steady state), which requires approximately 45 minutes to process one year with hourly time resolution. For better presentation of gradients, 10 min time resolution is recommended, which increases processing time by a factor of 5. Therefore, analyzing a large number of plant sensitivities, as required during the techno-economic optimization procedure, the detailed thermodynamic simulation approach becomes impracticable. Suntrace has developed an in-house CSP-Simulation tool (CSPsim), based on EBSILON and applying predictive models, to approximate the CSP plant performance for central receiver and parabolic trough technology. CSPsim significantly increases the speed of energy yield calculations by factor ≥ 35 and has automated the simulation run of all predefined design configurations in sequential order during the optimization procedure. To develop the predictive models, multiple linear regression techniques and Design of Experiment methods are applied. The annual energy yield and derived LCOE calculated by the predictive model deviates less than ±1.5 % from the thermodynamic simulation in EBSILON and effectively identifies the optimal range of main design parameters for further, more specific analysis.

A physically based plasticity model is implemented which describes work hardening of a material as a function of the total dislocation density. The local part of the model, which involves statistically stored dislocations (SSDs) only, is based on Bergström's original model. The nonlocal part is based on geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) which appear and evolve due to existence of large plastic strain gradients. The evolution of GNDs with respect to strain gradients is described based on the flow theory. The gradients are computed explicitly using the converged plastic strain field and the coupling is achieved using a staggered (weak) approach. Gradient computation is carried out using an effcient algorithm that makes use of plastic strain increments at integration points whose arrangement is not necessarily regular. The algorithm is applied on a void growth problem in which high strain gradients occur around the void due to stress concentrations.

The mechanical behaviour of solid particles like agglomerates, granules or crystals strongly depends on their micro structure, e.g. structural defects and porosity. In order to model the mechanical behaviour of these inhomogeneous media the discrete element method has been proven to be an appropriate tool. The model parameters used are typically micro parameters like bond stiffness, particle-particle contact stiffness, strength of the bonds. Due to the lack of general methods for a direct micro parameter determination, normally laborious parameter adaptation has to be done in order to fit experiment and simulation. In this contribution a systematic and automatic way for parameter adaptation using real experiments is proposed. Due to the fact, that discrete element models are typically systems of differential equations of very high order, gradient based methods are not suitable. Hence, the focus will be on derivative free methods. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

The Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht operates the P05 Imaging Beamline at the DESY storage ring PETRA III. This beamline is dedicated to micro-and nanotomography with two endstations. This paper will present the nanotomography endstation layout and first results obtained from commissioning and test experiments. First tests have been performed with CRLs as X-ray objectives and newly developed rolled X-ray prism lenses as condenser optics. This setup allows a resolution of 100nm half period with an effective detector pixel size of 15nm. A first tomograph of a photonic glass sample was measured in early 2014.

In this contribution the architecture of a novel simulation environment, which has been developedfor the multiscale modeling of fluidized bed spray granulation, is presented. The novel environment describes the granulation process on four different time and length scales. On the one hand, it allows to predict dynamics of the global production process, whereby, on the other hand, material properties can be considered. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

In this contribution a novel simulation tool, which is able to predict the agglomerate deformation and breakage during different loading conditions, was developed. This simulation system is based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM). For a better understanding of the soft, non-elastic deformation behaviour of wet and dry agglomerates, the models of liquid and solid bridges have been implemented in the DEM to perform a detailed simulation. As a result, the dependency of the restitution coefficient on the viscosity of the binder, impact velocity and agglomerate size and shape were obtained. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

In this contribution, the particle dynamics and the granular flow in a lab-scaled rotor granulator system (fluid bed rotor processor) are investigated on the scale of individual particles. The numerical approach is based on a Discrete Element Method (DEM) coupled with three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the gas phase. In this work a novel non-intrusive particle tracking technique, the Magnetic Particle Tracking (MPT) has been used to study the complex granular flow in rotor granulators. The technique allows a simultaneously and non-intrusivedescription of the translational as well as the rotational movement of a tracer particle in dense granular flow. The focus is on the analysis of the particle rotation behaviour at different process conditions. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Batch testing and determination of appropriate biosorbent and experimental procedures for recovery of REEs from artificial solution as well as the efficiency of the process for recovery of REEs from artificial solution via biosorption are given in present research work.

Vibro-Acoustic Modulation method (VAM) utilizes effect of the nonlinear interaction between higher frequency ultrasonic wave (carrier signal) and much lower frequency structural vibration (modulating signal). This interaction is taken place at the nonlinear interfaces (cracks, bolted connections, delaminations, etc.) manifesting itself in the spectrum as side-band components around the carrier. There are numerous studies applying VAM for nondestructive testing and structural health monitoring. Most of them utilize resonance structural bending vibrations as the modulating signal and measure a ratio of sideband to carrier spectral components defined as Modulation Index (MI). The present VAM study utilizes in-plane non-resonance very low frequency (10 Hz) tensile oscillations for monitoring fatigue and stress-corrosion damage evolution in steel. Experiments consistently demonstrated significant increase in MI during 70% - 80% of the fatigue life. Additionally, newly developed algorithm separates Amplitude and Frequency Modulations during the damage evolution demonstrating FM dominance at initial micro-crack growth stages and transition to AM dominance during macro-crack formation.