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    Sensitivity analysis of microwave sensors for the permittivity measurement of liquids
    (2009-04-21)
    Müller, Johannes
    ;
    Sokoll, Thorsten
    ;
    Jacob, Arne
    This paper presents an advanced microwave sensor for the complex permittivity measurement of liquids. By means of a rigorous mode matching technique, the sensitivity of the microwave sensor is analyzed and its structure is successfully optimized for the use at low frequencies.
    Publicationtype: Conference Paper
      76
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    Self-calibration circuits and routines for low-cost measuring systems
    (2008-02-01)
    Sokoll, Thorsten
    ;
    Jacob, Arne F.
    A Low-cost measurement system suited for in situ moisture monitoring of buildings is presented. The system consists of a robust and compact resonant microwave sensor linked to a miniaturized, low-cost vector network analyzer. Several such systems can be controlled by a central monitoring station. The measurement accuracy is enhanced significantly by vectorial self-calibration. To determine the magnitude and the required 360°-phase information, an inexpensive combined gain and 180°-phase detector is used, where the full phase information is obtained by adequately modeling the sensor's and the calibration standards ' phase response. Different self-calibration circuits are examined and their suitability is proved by comparative measurements. Finally, the system's performance is tested in a high humidity environment.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
      45
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    Broadband low-cost frequency meters
    (2008)
    Sokoll, Thorsten
    ;
    Jacob, Arne F.
    Two types of low-cost frequency meters for signals from several hundred megahertz up to 8 GHz are presented. The first system utilizes the well-known principle of frequency counters. The second one is based on a novel concept, where the frequency is derived from a direct comparison with a known reference. The two approaches are discussed and compared in terms of their principles and limits. Based on a statistical analysis of the results, this paper demonstrates the advantages of the novel concept for short measurement times.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
      37
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    In-situ moisture detection system with a vector network analyser
    (IOP Publishing, 2007-02-27)
    Sokoll, Thorsten
    ;
    Jacob, Arne
    An in-situ measuring system for determining the moisture content in concrete buildings and masonry is presented. The system consists of a small and robust resonant microwave sensor and a compact low-cost network analyser. The sensitivity and frequency range requirements for the analyser are derived from the sensor design. A suitable realization of the analyser is discussed in detail. It is shown that a vectorial calibration routine diminishes measurement uncertainties caused by the used low-cost devices. Consequently, the moisture content can be determined within 0.6% instead of 3.0%. A test of the entire in-situ measurement system under realistic conditions is presented and discussed. © 2007 IOP Publishing Ltd.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
      42
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    A self-calibrating low-cost sensor system for moisture monitoring of buildings
    (IEEE, 2006)
    Sokoll, Thorsten
    ;
    Jacob, Arne
    A low-cost measurement system for in-situ moisture monitoring in buildings is presented. Each unit of the system consists of a robust and very compact resonant microwave sensor linked to a miniaturized, low-cost vector network analyzer (VNA). A self-calibration network is implemented for improved measurement accuracy. Results are presented and compared to those achieved with a high precision laboratory network analyzer.
    Publicationtype: Conference Paper
      51
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