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  4. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers and alternatives for international transport of renewable hydrogen
 
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Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers and alternatives for international transport of renewable hydrogen

Publikationstyp
Journal Article
Date Issued
2021-01
Sprache
English
Author(s)
Niermann, Matthias  
Timmerberg, Sebastian  
DrĂ¼nert, Sebastian  
Kaltschmitt, Martin  
Institut
Umwelttechnik und Energiewirtschaft V-9  
TORE-URI
http://hdl.handle.net/11420/7140
Journal
Renewable & sustainable energy reviews  
Volume
135
Article Number
110171
Citation
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (135): 110171 (2021-01)
Publisher DOI
10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85089429946
Hydrogen can be transported over long distances when stored in Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC). This transport is possible under the following conversion steps: first, hydrogen is stored inside a LOHC molecule (exothermic hydrogenation) at the starting point of the provision chain. Then, the loaded LOHC can be stored and transported. At the point of consumption, hydrogen is released (endothermic de-hydrogenation) and the unloaded LOHC returns to the point of hydrogen production. The optimal LOHC for transport should be liquid at ambient conditions and show similar properties to crude oil-based liquids (e.g., diesel, gasoline). This allows for a stepwise implementation using the existing crude oil-based infrastructure. However, there is a large variety of different LOHCs and other competing transport options; e.g., the transport of compressed hydrogen gas in pipelines or the transport of liquefied hydrogen in tanker ships. Against this background, this paper investigates the energy consumption and costs of these different hydrogen transport options. Therefore, the production of hydrogen is considered in areas with favorable renewable energy sources, followed by international transport logistics, and a local distribution in Germany. The assessment shows that the distance and the way heat is supplied to de-hydrogenate the LOHCs - especially for methanol - define the cost performance compared to a transport of compressed or liquid hydrogen. If the heat needed for dehydrogenation is covered by waste heat, dibenzyltoluene (DBT) or toluene can show benefits in terms of efficiency and costs. Furthermore, the different transport systems have different specific niches in which they are competitive; i.e., no specific transportation chain is superior to all systems under all circumstances. Nevertheless, the assessment shows that long-distance transport favors LOHC, while short-distance transport via pipelines can be used for lower costs.
Subjects
Energy transport
Hydrogen distribution
Hydrogen economy
Hydrogen import
LOHC
Transport option assessment
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