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  4. Investigation of input and output energy for wheat production : a comprehensive study for Tehsil Mailsi (Pakistan)
 
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Investigation of input and output energy for wheat production : a comprehensive study for Tehsil Mailsi (Pakistan)

Citation Link: https://doi.org/10.15480/882.2932
Publikationstyp
Journal Article
Date Issued
2020-08-24
Sprache
English
Author(s)
Ashraf, Muhammad N.  
Mahmood, Muhammad H.  
Sultan, Muhammad  
Banaeian, Narges  
Usman, Muhammad  orcid-logo
Ibrahim, Sobhy M.  
Butt, Muhammad U. B. U.  
Waseem, Muhammad  
Ali, Imran  
Shakoor, Aamir  
Khan, Zahid M.  
Institut
Wasserressourcen und Wasserversorgung B-11  
TORE-DOI
10.15480/882.2932
TORE-URI
http://hdl.handle.net/11420/7408
Journal
Sustainability  
Volume
12
Issue
17
Article Number
6884
Citation
Sustainability 12 (17): 6884 (2020-08-24)
Publisher DOI
10.3390/su12176884
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85090566604
Publisher
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
The global increasing food demand can be met by efficient energy utilization in mechanized agricultural productions. In this study, input–output energy flow along with CO2 emissions for different wheat production cases (C-I to C-V) were investigated to identify the one that is most energy-efficient and environment-friendly case. Data and information about input and output sources were collected from farmers through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Input and output sources were converted into energy units by energy equivalents while CO2 emissions were calculated by emission equivalents. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was conducted to compare technical efficiencies of the developed cases for optimization of inputs in inefficient cases. Results revealed that case C-Ⅴ (higher inputs, larger fields, the tendency of higher fertilizer application and tillage operations) has the highest energy inputs and outputs than the rest of the cases. Moreover, it possesses the lowest energy use efficiency and energy productivity. The highest CO2 emissions (1548 kg-CO2/ha) referred to C-Ⅴ while lowest emissions per ton of grain yield were determined in C-Ⅳ (higher electricity water pumping, moderate energy input). The grain yield increases directly with input energy in most of the cases, but it does not guarantee the highest values for energy indices. C-Ⅲ (moderate irrigations, educated farmers, various fertilizer applications) was found as an optimum case because of higher energy indices like energy use efficiency of 4.4 and energy productivity of 153.94 kg/GJ. Optimum input and better management practices may enhance energy proficiency and limit the traditionally uncontrolled CO2 emissions from wheat production. Therefore, the agricultural practices performed in C-Ⅲ are recommended for efficient cultivation of wheat in the studied area.
Subjects
input–output energy
wheat production
CO2 emissions
Pakistan
DDC Class
580: Pflanzen (Botanik)
630: Landwirtschaft, Veterinärmedizin
Funding(s)
Publikationsfonds 2020  
More Funding Information
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Lizenz
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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