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Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Thermoset state estimation using infrared spectroscopy and predictive analytics(2023); By design fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) show extraordinary specific strength and stiffness performance when compared to classic structural materials. Unfortunately, the extraordinary properties come at the price of complexity in design, manufacturing and operation. Most notably, manifold failure modes and complicated detectability of inherent damages represent a challenge for composite engineers until now. Throughout the life-cycle of composites, it is crucial to understand and track the material state in order to prevent premature failure. Due to the high-cost sensitivity of the composites sector implementing material health monitoring systems is usually not practical in application. Instead, non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are usually applied to assure structural integrity and damages within allowed limitations at planned maintenance events. Nonetheless, currently available NDT methods are insufficient to fully cover all possible damage scenarios. In this work a new approach to determine material properties of the epoxy resin component using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-spectroscopy is presented. It is shown that by post-processing the acquired molecular information the material state can be determined and based on this material state inherent material properties such as strength can be predicted. First, starting with the evaluation of manufacturing parameters it is shown that by using classic chemometrics techniques FTIR measurements can be used to quantify the mixing ratio of an epoxy resin fast and reliable. Thereafter, material changes due to mechanical loading in creep are observed and described by applying advanced feature extraction methods. Finally, specimens exposed to thermal loads are analyzed and it is confirmed, that the residual strength can be determined solely by applying FTIR measurements and machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, it is demonstrated, that the method is suitable to reveal the material exposure history. It is shown that an accurate prediction of mechanical properties, as well as the processing and degradation parameters, can be derived from the measurements and significantly improved by applying data processing and machine learning methods.Publicationtype: Doctoral Thesis114 741 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Extreme scale-dependent tensile properties of epoxy fibers(Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2019-11-01); ; ; ; Epoxy fibers with different diameters were prepared by hot drawing and their mechanical properties were measured under tension. The stiffness, strength, ultimate strain, and toughness revealed substantial scale-dependent effects as they all significantly increased with a decrease in size. Compared to bulk epoxy, an intrinsically brittle material, thin epoxy fibers displayed a highly ductile behavior under tension. A drop in stress observed immediately beyond the yield point was followed by the development of a stable necking region propagating through the entire fiber length, then by strain-hardening up to final rupture. Necked fiber segments tested in tension were found to have even higher strength and modulus compared to the initial as-prepared fibers. Possible reasons for the highly ductile mechanical behavior and the size effects of epoxy fibers are discussed. Size effects for the strength of epoxy can be elucidated in principle either by means of a classical fracture mechanics argument (strength ~ 1/d1/2), or via a stochastic model argument (strength ~ 1/d1/β, where β is a function of the material and is generally larger than 2). In both models the presence and size of critical defects play a key role. However, defects cannot explain the colossal ductility (plastic deformation) seen in our experiments, nor can the presence of defects justify a size effect in an elastic property, namely Young’s modulus. Only scarce evidence exists in the literature for similar (milder) size effects in epoxy fibers but without any structural justification. We find here that highly cross-linked necked epoxy fibers exhibit partial macromolecular anisotropy which likely explains the observed high mechanical characteristics.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleScopus© Citations 19 381 475 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Prediction of thermal exposure and mechanical behavior of epoxy resin using artificial neural networks and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2019-02-19); ; Thermal degradation detection of cured epoxy resins and composites is currently limited to severe thermal damage in practice. Evaluating the change in mechanical properties after a short-time thermal exposure, as well as estimating the history of thermally degraded polymers, has remained a challenge until now. An approach to accurately predict the mechanical properties, as well as the thermal exposure time and temperature of epoxy resin, using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-spectroscopy, data processing, and artificial neural networks, is presented here. Therefore, an epoxy resin has been fully cured and exposed to elevated temperatures for different time periods. A FTIR-spectrometer was used to measure molecular changes, using mid-IR (MIR)-FTIR for film samples and near-IR (NIR)-FTIR for bulk samples. A quantitative analysis of the thermally degraded film samples shows oxidation, chain-scission, and dehydration in the FTIR spectra in the MIR-range. Using NIR spectroscopy for the bulk samples, only minor changes in the FTIR spectra could be detected. However, using data processing, molecular information was extracted from the NIR range and a degradation model, using an artificial neural network, has been trained. Even though the changes due to thermal exposure were small, the presented model is capable of accurately predicting the time, temperature, and residual strength of the polymer.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleScopus© Citations 55 346 365