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Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , A comparison of the toxicity and asphyxiation risk during bunkering of LH2, LNG and NH3 by means of a quantitative risk assessmentTo achieve the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), hydrogen, natural gas and ammonia are considered as marine fuel in their liquefied form. Nevertheless, concerns regarding their safety have been raised. Thus, the overarching aim of this investigation is it to addresses these concerns by conducting a comparative analysis of the safety of bunkering these fuels, with a particular focus on toxicity and asphyxiation hazards. A quantitative risk assessment is thus conducted in two steps: first, to identify the probability through a frequency analysis and second, to identify the severity through a consequence analysis. The present study will utilize the requisite safety distance as the threshold for the severity. The calculation of the safety distance necessary for the different fuels is performed utilizing a Gaussian dispersion model. Subsequently, both the necessary safety distance and the frequency of harmful events of all three fuels are then compared. The findings indicate that the frequencies of the toxicity/asphyxiation case are of comparable order magnitude for all fuels. However, the safety distance of ammonia is one order of magnitude larger than that of the other fuels.Publicationtype: Journal Article10 8 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Comparing the safety of bunkering LH2 and LNG using quantitative risk assessment with a focus on ignition hazards—Sensitivity analysisHydrogen, in its various storage forms, represents a potential fuel for climate-neutral shipping. In order to evaluate the safety of bunkering liquid hydrogen and to establish a basis for a comparison with the bunkering of LNG, a quantitative risk assessment has been conducted. This paper continues this work, by first realizing a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) with adopted systems allowing for the same bunkering duration for both fuels. The investigation shows that the diameter of the pipe has a significant impact on the frequency of hazardous events. To gain a deeper understanding of the effect, a sensitivity analysis is conducted. In addition to the frequencies, a notable impact of the pipe diameter can also be observed with regards to the safety distance in the full rupture case. Furthermore, the safety distances are found to be significantly impacted by wind speed and release time. The ambient temperature and humidity are identified to have only a minor impact.Publicationtype: Journal Article15 13