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Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Distinct electrification regimes at solid–liquid interfaces revealed by water isotope substitution(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2026-07-28); ; ; ; Solid–liquid contact electrification is widely studied using diverse experimental geometries that are often implicitly assumed to probe equivalent interfacial processes. Here, we directly test this assumption by comparing immersion–emersion, droplet-based contact, and pressure-driven intrusion–extrusion electrification using the same hydrophobic nanoporous silicon monolith and isotopically substituted liquids (H2O and D2O). Despite identical surface chemistry, isotopic substitution produces qualitatively different electrical responses depending on the wetting regime. Immersion–emersion experiments show polarity inversion between H2O and D2O, while droplet measurements reveal distinct charge evolution and periodic opposite-polarity events. In contrast, forced nanopore intrusion preserves polarity but strongly enhances electrical output for D2O. These results demonstrate that wetting of surface nanoroughness during droplet, vs immersion–emersion, vs complete nanopores wetting upon intrusion–extrusion correspond to fundamentally different electrification states. By using isotope substitution as a controlled probe, this work establishes a general framework for disentangling protocol-dependent effects in solid–liquid contact electrification and triboelectric energy conversion.Publicationtype: Journal Article9 11 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Triboelectrification during non-wetting liquids intrusion–extrusion in hydrophobic nanoporous silicon monoliths(Elsevier, 2025-12-15); ; ; ; Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as promising devices for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy through contact electrification and electrostatic induction. However, the generated energy, unlike instantaneous power, current and voltage, is rarely addressed in the vibrant research field of TENGs. In this study, we investigate Intrusion–Extrusion Triboelectric Nanogenerators (IE-TENGs) based on nanoporous silicon monoliths and non-wetting liquids (i.e., water and a 1 mg/mL polyethylenimine solution), addressing the energy generated during this process, conversion efficiency as well as the mechanism underlying the observed phenomena. Compared to powder-based IE-TENGs, the use of monolithic silicon structures enables more efficient and reproducible energy harvesting, with significant improvements in both instantaneous power density and energy per cycle. We also analyzed the impact of compression rate and liquid properties on electrical output, showing that higher compression rates improve power generation, while modifying the liquid medium significantly improves conversion efficiency, reaching up to 9 %. Furthermore, through computational analysis, we identify the crucial role of grafting defects on the generated triboelectric output. This work introduces a novel approach to triboelectric energy harvesting by implementing a monolithic nanoporous architecture and offering an alternative pathway for enhancing contact electrification via confined solid–liquid interfaces. These findings provide new insights into the triboelectric behavior of porous systems and pave the way for next-generation high-performance IE-TENGs, with potential applications in wearable electronics, environmental energy harvesting, and self-powered sensing systems.Publicationtype: Journal Article38 67