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    Resilience of integrated energy networks with a high share of renewable energies
    The Project ResiliEntEE The aim of this joint project of scientists from the fields of energy and electrical engineering is to reliably determine the resilience of future energy supply systems and to find possibilities to increase it. To achieve this goal the models which were developed in the research project TransiEnt.EE to describe optimized integrated energy systems according to environmental and economic aspects, will be refined and their resilience will be evaluated. Resilience is to be understood as the ability of a system to sustain its functions even at the occurence of local disruptions. Therefore following tasks will be realized in the project: 1. expanding the models by spatially resolved, stationary and dynamic computations within the electric supply grids 2. gradually expanding the considered area from Hamburg to Northern Germany 3. developing and modelling different automation concepts 4. developing suitable critical scenarios and test cases. As far as possible the software will be written using the equation-based and object-oriented programming language Modelica. After the completion of the project these model will be publicly available.
      5491  23
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    Power-to-Gas - Investigation of the Overall Energy Network with increasing Regenerative Supply and Analysis of the System Coupling
    The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 80 % until 2050 in comparison to 1990 is one goal postulated by the European Union. Thereby, the share of renewable energies contributing to the electricity mix needs to be increased further. Considering that the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions applies nationwide it is not enough to concentrate actions only on emissions from electricity generation. Therefore, this project focusses on interactions between the three main sectors (electricity, heat and mobility) regarding CO₂ emissions and the need for energy storage in the future. At present the share of renewables is quite low in the heat and mobility sector, compared to the electricity sector. To reach the goal of 80 % CO₂ reduction, an increased renewables share in these sectors is essential. Through interaction between the three sectors synergy benefits can arise. Solutions like heat pumps or e-mobility are examples of how CO₂ emissions can be reduced by combining electricity generation with other sectors. The present part project here focusses on the impact on the development of the fluctuating renewable power generation from energy storage. Hereby the growing electrical energy demand caused by the electrification of the heat and mobility sectors is considered. Since the power-to-gas technology offers a great potential for long-term storage, the storage in form of gas is investigated. The advantage of storing excess energy in form of gas is conbined with a possible utilization with all three sectors considered (electricity, heat, mobility). In a power-to-gas plant hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using excess energy. The hydrogen can either be stored or optionally be used for a methanation, converting hydrogen to methane. Both possibilities, hydrogen and methane storage, are examined, to highlight their advantages and disadvantages.
      2737  10
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    Heat Sector - Investigation of the Overall Energy Network with increasing Regenerative Supply and Analysis of the System Coupling
    The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 80 % until 2050 in comparison to 1990 is one goal postulated by the European Union. Thereby, the share of renewable energies contributing to the electricity mix needs to be increased further. Considering that the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions applies nationwide it is not enough to concentrate actions only on emissions from electricity generation. Therefore, this project focusses on interactions between the three main sectors (electricity, heat and mobility) regarding CO₂ emissions and the need for energy storage in the future. At present the share of renewables is quite low in the heat and mobility sector, compared to the electricity sector. To reach the goal of 80 % CO₂ reduction, an increased renewables share in these sectors is essential. Through interaction between the three sectors synergy benefits can arise. Solutions like heat pumps or e-mobility are examples of how CO₂ emissions can be reduced by combining electricity generation with other sectors. The present sub-project investigates the integration of fluctuating renewable energy into the decentralised heat sector. Different scenarios and development trends for the installed plants are evaluated in the route towards reaching the stipulated emission goals for 2050. Hereby the interaction with the other sectors electricity and mobility are key elements in the investigation. Besides storage, the electrification of the heat sector through heat pump and power-to-heat technologies plays an especially important role, offering an effective and cost-efficient method for the integration of renewable energy. Also cross-sectoral synergies with technologies like power-to-gas, which enables a long-term storage of excess electricity in the form of gas, are intensively researched.
      308  17
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    Mobility Sector - Investigation of the Overall Energy Network with increasing Regenerative Supply and Analysis of the System Coupling
    The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 80 % until 2050 in comparison to 1990 is one goal postulated by the European Union. Thereby, the share of renewable energies contributing to the electricity mix needs to be increased further. Considering that the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions applies nationwide it is not enough to concentrate actions only on emissions from electricity generation. Therefore, this project focusses on interactions between the three main sectors (electricity, heat and mobility) regarding CO₂ emissions and the need for energy storage in the future. At present the share of renewables is quite low in the heat and mobility sectors, compared to the electricity sector. To reach the goal of 80 % CO₂ reduction, an increased renewables share in these sectors is essential. Through interaction between the three sectors synergy benefits can arise. Solutions like heat pumps or e-mobility are examples of how CO₂ emissions can be reduced by combining electricity generation with other sectors. The present part project here deals with the interaction effects between electricity generation and the mobility sector. The German fleet of vehicles and the corresponding energy demand are simulated. Different scenarios are evaluated in line with the emission goals stipulated for 2050; the expectations in their specific development are taken into consideration. Time series for every evaluated scenario give specific energy demand profiles, to highlight the linking of these sectors with, for example, energy storage through batteries or power-to-gas. The resulting impacts on the electricity sector are then considered.
      2866  6
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    Reliability of Supply through Combination of Renewable and Conventional Electricity Generation
    Aim of the project is to obtain a simplified but still meaningful classification of various electricity generation technologies and their combinations, whilst achieving reliabilty of supply and minimising electricity generation costs and CO<sub>2</sub>-Emissions. The actual expenditure for achieving a reliable and secure electricity generation system out of a mixture of different technologies will be evaluated in isolated systems without electricity importing and exporting. Different configurations of facilities in the system will be studied, aimed at costantly supplying 1000 MW of electrical energy to an imaginary island network. Fluctuating electricity sources such as Solar Heat, Photovoltaics and Wind Energy will be considered. To the suppliers of residual power belong power plants using Coal, Gas or Biomass, augmented by various storage concepts. The wind and solar energy that is available will be accounted for realistically, using respective annual trend lines. The residual power of eventual deficits in renewable soruces will be supplied by generators from conventional sources or storage facilities. These data will be input in an economic analysis to yield electricity generation costs and specific CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions, to show the most appropriate system configurations for safe and reliable supply of electricity. Additionally, a second island system will also be considered, whose characteristics in fluctuatin renewable sources differ markedly patterns seen on the first island network. Both island grids will then be interconnected, to constantly supply together 2000 MW of electrical power. In doing so the individual island grids will be allowed to over- or undersupply their own networks. This approach enables investigation of how the reliabilty of supply may be influenced by mixing together different electricity sources. Ultimate aim is to study the feasibilty of increasing the supply of renewable energies in energy self-sufficient grids, without jeopardising security of supply and network stability. The results on the various scenarios that will be studied will be compared against each other, to deliver a complete picture on the costs and the environmental sustainability of the various combinations of sources. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the various combinations of individual island grid configurations and their components will also be highlighted. A clear conclusion to emerge is whether specific combinations of conventional power plants and fluctuating renewable energy sources are more preferable than others, to eliminate supply deficits and safeguard reliability of supply. Furthermore, the economic ramifications on electricity generation of this operating regime can be shown and realistic electricity generation costs can be determined. The results can be used to strengthen further supply security in the German electricity sector, even if the input of fluctuating renewable energies in the grid continues increasing. The outcome of the project can assist utilities in decision-making by utilities and contribute to the Energy Transition (Energiewende in Germany).
      405  53
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    DYNSTART - Startup and Transient Behaviour of Power Stations
    To evaluate power plants under the operation regimes expected in the future, the behaviour under both part-load operation and during start-up or shut-down must be modelled. This requires to also develop control techniques suitable for these operation regimes. To raise control quality modern multivariate regulation concepts will be investigated in the project, to improve the capability of the power plant to respond to the fluctuating demands of the electricity grid. Testing of these concepts necessitates models replicating the transient behaviour of the process. The project will investigate the ability of steam power plants with and without CO₂ capture to deliver balancing power, considering the current state of the art and the changing operating constraints. In the framework of the project the potential of modern multi-variable regulation concepts will be studied, to increase the quality of control. Aim is to improve the capability of the power plants to fulfil the demands from the grid. To test these concepts necessitates the development of models describing the behaviour of transient processes. Target of DYNSTART is to investigate the performance of fossil fuelled steam power plants with and without CCS within their overall load ranges, in order to identify limiting components. The optimisation potential of alternative process configurations will also be analysed. This includes simulation of the low load behaviour and the start-up and shut-down procedures, to study the inherent capabilities to balance renewable energies. The analysis requires a broader consideration of the control techniques required and the development of control concepts for CCS plants that do not exist yet. For modelling the new operating regimes the Modelica library ClaRaCCS will be extended further. For the present research consortium further specialised partners have been added to the project partners of the completed project DYNCAP. The findings of DYNCAP will flow into DYNSTART. The project is performed in collaboration with two other Institutes of the TUHH: Institute of Thermo-Fluid Dynamics and Institute of Control Systems
      698  8
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    Impact of the Component Species in Separated CO2 Streams from Various Sources in a Regional Cluster on the Transport, Injection and Storage
    Aim of the consortium is to yield an understanding of the interplay between CO2 sources, the CO2 transport network and storage facilities within a shared grid of pipelines and reservoirs. For this purpose it is necessary to determine the qualities and compositions of the CO2 emanating from various industrial sources of a regional cluster (power plants, cement factories, steel works and refineries), the quantities emitted and how the emissions of individual plants vary in time. Based on the time series of the CO2 streams fed into the cluster a common transport pipeline network can be designed. This design has repercussions for the control of the network, regarding the CO2 injections allowed. The features of the source plants and the pipeline will be combined with the characteristics of the geological injection and storage in an overall model encompassing the whole chain from producers to the reservoir. For the smooth operation of a pipeline network and a reservoir is essential to obtain an accurate balancing of the carbon stream flows from the producers. For this purpose a novel concept must be developed for large industrial facilities. The transshipment of the CO2 stream by sea will also be studied, to address the option of offshore geological storage. For this purpose it is necessary to develop a plant that transforms the CO2 to the desired condition before ship loading. Furthermore, the sea handling of the shipped CO2 will be investigated: through ambient warming undesirable evaporation and under certain conditions escape of CO2 may occur. In addition, the allowable compositions and quantities of the CO2 for geological storage need to be defined. This will highlight the operating conditions that will allow detailed design of the producing plants and the pipeline network and thus yield reliable cost estimations. For the present research consortium further specialised partners have been added to the project partners of the completed project COORAL. The findings of COORAL will flow into CLUSTER.
      3837
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    Transientes Verhalten gekoppelter Energienetze mit hohem Anteil Erneuerbarer Energien
    Das Ziel der Energiewende ist es die Schadstoffemissionen der Energiebereitstellung zu verrin-gern, ohne dabei die Versorgungssicherheit des Energieversorgungsnetzes zu gefährden. Dafür ist ein möglichst umfassender Einsatz von Erneuerbaren Energien unerlässlich. Gleichzeitig führt die zeitliche Fluktuation der regenerativen Energiebereitstellung jedoch zu bedeutenden Herausfor-derungen was die Integration dieser Technologien in das bestehende Energieversorgungsnetz betrifft. Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens TransiEnt.EE soll anhand einer dynamischen Sys-temsimulation des gekoppelten Energieversorgungsnetzes der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg in der objektorientierten Programmiersprache Modelica eine Untersuchung und Bewertung ver-schiedener Ansätze zur Lösung dieses Problems gefunden werden. Dem Forschungsvorhaben liegt die Vision einer Energieversorgung aus mehreren geschlossenen, aber nicht abgeschlossenen Versorgungsbereichen zugrunde. Jeder dieser Bereiche ist insofern autark, als das der eigene lokale Energiebedarf durch Wandlung von Primärenergie innerhalb der Bereichsgrenzen unter möglichst hoher Einbindung von Erneuerbaren Energien abgedeckt wird. Die dynamische Modellierung ermöglicht die Untersuchung von Kopplungseffekten zwischen den verschiedenen Beteiligten des Versorgungsnetzes. Als Beispiel für solche Kopplungseffekte ist der Einsatz von Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungs-Anlagen zu nennen, die sowohl in das Wärme- als auch in das Elektrizitätsnetz Energie einspeisen. Ist zum Beispiel gleichzeitig ein hoher Wärmebedarf als auch ein hohes Angebot elektrischer Energie vorhanden, können diese Anlagen nicht heruntergeregelt werden, um die Deckung des Wärmebedarfs zu gewährleisten. Dies kann zu der Notwendigkeit führen die Einspeisung regenerativer Energiequellen, wie Offshore-Windparks, zu verringern, um die Stabilität des elektrischen Energienetzes sicherzustellen. Durch die transiente Betrachtung wird darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit geschaffen, zeitliche Aus-gleichsmöglichkeiten durch den gezielten Einsatz von Speichertechnologien aufzudecken. Neben der Frage welche Art von Speicher, in welcher Größe und an welchem Ort sinnvoll ist, ermöglicht die dynamische Betrachtung auch eine Analyse zeitlich hoch auflösender Effekte, die das Gesamt-system signifikant beeinflussen. Die Integration von Teilmodellen mit stark unterschiedlichen Zeitkonstanten in ein gekoppeltes Systemmodell stellt dabei eine besondere Herausforderung an die Architektur des Modells dar. Anhand von verschiedenen Szenarien und unter Verwendung des so gestalteten Modells wird im Rahmen des Projekts TransiEnt.EE nach Möglichkeiten gesucht eine verlässliche Einbindung von Erneuerbaren Energien in eine existierende Energieversorgungsstruktur zu realisieren. Die ab-schließende Bewertung der verschiedenen Szenarien erfolgt anhand der CO2-Emissionen pro Jahr, wodurch ein direkter Rückschluss auf die Ziele der Energiewende ermöglicht wird.
      549
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    CO2 Separation in Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant Processes with Post-Combustion and Oxyfuel
    Because of higher specific energy demand for CO2 separation, the CO2 avoidance costs of Natural Gas Combined Cycle power plants generally exceed those of coal-fired stations. For the operator of a NGCC plant it is therefore vital to determine whether measures that reduce the CO2 emissions in a specific plant are more cost effective than the expenditures from increased CO2 emissions, in the form of either CO2 taxes or CO2 emission certificates. Though in NGCC power plants the energy and financial penalties are in general higher than in coal-fired stations, the lower electricity generation costs of such plant, the fuel availability and possible future legal requirements, to which power stations must comply (e.g., CO2 Capture-Ready Certification), mean that for the operator the identification of the potential for CO2 emission reduction can be of particular interest. To separate the CO2 in NGCC power stations either Post-Combustion CO2 separation or Oxyfuel combustion of the fuel in an atmosphere of oxygen and recirculated flue gas may be used. Aim of the joint research project is first to optimise both these processes under consideration of all relevant operating conditions and then to compare them from the technical and economic viewpoints. The altered combustion conditions that result from, for instance, flue gas recirculation will be investigated both experimentally in a test rig of the project partner LSM and analytically through modelling. The results will be input in a model of the overall plant process at IET, to enable detailed analysis of the overall process. Various components of the processes will be modelled numerically with appropriate simulation tools, using realistic operating and boundary conditions. These modelling studies will be supplemented by cost analyses, aimed at determining besides the technical also the economic potential of these processes. Only such processes are to be studied, that look promising in the near and mid-term future for implementation at commercial scale.
      2920
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    Optimising the integration of CO2 capture into power plants
    OCTAVIUS aims to demonstrate integrated concepts for zero emission power plants covering all the components needed for power generation as well as CO2 capture and compression. Operability and flexibility of first generation post combustion processes are demonstrated by TNO, EnBW and ENEL pilot plants in order to prepare full scale demo projects such as the ROAD and Porto Tolle projects that will start in 2015. OCTAVIUS will establish detailed guidelines with relevant data on emissions, HSE, and other operability, flexibility and cost aspects. In addition, OCTAVIUS includes the demonstration of the DMX process on the ENEL pilot plant in Brindisi. This second generation capture process can enable a substantial reduction of the energy penalty and operational cost. The demonstration is an essential step before the first full scale demonstration envisaged to be launched at the end of OCTAVIUS. Application to coal power stations but also NGCC will be considered. OCTAVIUS builds forward on previous FP6 and FP7 CCS projects such as CASTOR and CESAR. The main coordinating research institutes and industrial partners of these projects also take part in OCTAVIUS. Results of the clean coal research are provided by end-users, engineering companies and technology vendors partnering in OCTAVIUS. Each of the demo sub-projects (SP2 and SP3) is led by a power company. The demo sub-projects are supported by work packages in SP1 dealing with RTD support activities and common issues. Two work packages in SP0 are dedicated to management and dissemination actions respectively. The latter work package includes contacting stakeholders outside OCTAVIUS. OCTAVIUS gathers the leading organisations within the field of CCS and clean coal, covering the whole value chain from research institutes to end-users. The consortium consists of 5 research organisations, 2 universities, 1 SME, 1 engineering company, 2 equipment suppliers, and 6 power generators.
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