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Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Gypsum scaling during reverse osmosis desalination − characterization and effects of natural organic matter(2018); Desalination of brackish and salty water by reverse osmosis (RO) has been increasingly applied to address regional water shortages. Especially at high water recovery, the crystallization of sparingly soluble salts near or on the membrane surface (‘scaling’) is a serious limitation during RO operation. This dissertation characterizes scaling by gypsum (CaSO4∙2H2O) and its interactions with natural organic matter (NOM) in cross-flow RO and stirred beaker crystallization experiments. The results show that gypsum scaling and associated RO performance losses are alleviated in the presence of NOM unless thick NOM-fouling layers develop.Publicationtype: Doctoral Thesis574 2697