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Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Mikroschadstoff-Elimination aus kommunalem Abwasser durch biologischen Schadstoffabbau in Festbettreaktoren unter nitrifizierenden und denitrifizierenden Bedingungen nach verbesserter chemischer KohlenstoffextraktionMicropollutants are present in low concentration in water bodies. Due to an inadequate elimination in municipal, mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants, they represent a main path of entry. In addition to the establishment of micropollutant elimination, e.g. as a fourth treatment step, increasing the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plants is a current issue in urban water management. The alternative wastewater treatment plant concept MicroStop addresses both issues. In addition to an all-encompassing reduction of particles, nutrients, and multiresistant germs, micropollutants are eliminated by a combination of biological degradation in fixed-bed reactors with physical retention by nanofiltration. The combination process is preceded by enhanced carbon extraction in the pre-treatment stage by coagulation/flocculation. To assess the feasibility of the concept, tests were carried out for enhanced carbon extraction and the biological degradation of micropollutants under nitrification and denitrification in the fixed-bed reactors. Using the coagulation/flocculation chemical Sachtofloc 46.12 at a dosage of 0.2 mmol Al/L wastewater, a further reduction in total organic carbon (TOCN) in the primary clarification effluent of 49 % (wastewater treatment plant A) and 30 % (wastewater treatment plant B) was achieved in 1 Liter jar tests. The reduction was limited by the proportion of dissolved organic carbon (DOCN) in the wastewater, which was 52 % (wastewater treatment plant A) and 68 % (wastewater treatment plant B). A combination of the MicroStop concept with other processes for enhanced carbon extraction, such as POWERSTEP, is possible based on the overall results. In the biological fixed-bed reactors, nitrification with > 99 % reduction and denitrification with 94 – 99 % could be established. In one test phase, nitrite accumulation occurred, which was prevented by adjusting the acetic acid dosage. Three test phases (purely aerobic operation and nitrification/denitrification without/with flocculation supernatant) demonstrated further potential for the biodegradation of some of the pollutants tested. For gabapentin (> 93 to > 98 %), iomeprol (> 69 to > 96 %) and metoprolol (> 62 to > 76 %), very good elimination rates below the limit of quantification were achieved in all test phases under aerobic conditions (with/without nitrification). Diclofenac was reduced with 47 to 67 %, better than known from literature, but never below a threshold concentration of 1.8 – 2.6 µg/L. A longer retention time showed a positive influence. Sulfamethoxazole showed fluctuating results with degrees of elimination between – 42 and 87 %. A reduction only occurred under denitrification and became more stable under increased acetic acid dosing during a longer retention time. Under aerobic conditions, there was an increase in pollutants. A retransformation of the main metabolite N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole is assumed to be the cause. Carbamazepine and its metabolite carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide showed persistent behaviour. The sweetener cyclamate was only detected in one test phase and was very well eliminated with 97 %.Publicationtype: Doctoral Thesis92 386 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Removal of emerging micropollutants from nanofiltration retentate of municipal wastewater within biological fixed-bed reactors under nitrifying and denitrifying conditions(Wiley, 2023-12); ; ; ; Municipal water resource recovery facilities are not designed to eliminate micropollutants, leading to many pollutants entering the aquatic environment. Within this study, as part of the project MicroStop, the biological treatment of nanofiltration effluent (retentate) under pure aerobic (without nitrification) as well as nitrifying and denitrifying conditions has been investigated for micropollutant elimination. A potential of further biotransformation under increased hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 14 days was shown. Under both HRT of 7 and 14 days, eliminations below LOQ were achieved in the aerated bioreactor for gabapentin, iomeprol, and metoprolol, reaching > 95%, > 69 to > 92%, and > 72%, respectively. The reduction of diclofenac was positively influenced by longer HRT leading to an elimination of up to 67%. Sulfamethoxazole was reduced under denitrification, but accumulated under aeration, resulting in fluctuating results and an overall elimination of 78% under 14 days HRT. Practitioner Points: The micropollutant elimination in fixed-bed bioreactors of highly concentrated nanofiltration retentate was studied. Pure aerobic (without nitrification), nitrifying, and denitrifying conditions were investigated under hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 7 and 14 days. Higher initial pollutant concentrations enhanced the biological degradability in attached growth for substances being moderately degradable in activated sludge systems. 4A potential of further biological micropollutant elimination was shown for gabapentin, iomeprol, metoprolol, and diclofenac.Publicationtype: Journal Article12 36