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    Analysis of the bobsled and men's luge events at the XVII olympic winter games in Lillehammer
    (Human Kinetics Publishers, 1997)
    Brüggemann, Gert Peter
    ;
    Morlock, Michael
    ;
    Zatsiorsky, Vladimir M.
    Performance in bobsled and luge events is influenced by several environmental, material/equipment, and team-related factors. This study concentrated on the influences of equipment and athlete on overall performance and compared the luge, 2-man bobsled, and 4-man bobsled competitions at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympic Games. Start time and overall acceleration in the analyzed straight section showed significant correlations with the final time. It was concluded that for the top teams in bobsled and luge, fast start time and high speed at the end of the start section were prerequisites for an excellent overall performance. Driving capacities in the most difficult sections of the track were more statistically important among the top 15 competitors, especially in the luge. The influence of the runners could not be identified in either bobsled or luge competitions.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
      14
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    Internal loading of the foot and ankle during impact in running
    (Human Kinetics Publishers, 1995)
    Cole, G. K.
    ;
    Nigg, Benno M.
    ;
    Fick, G. H.
    ;
    Morlock, Michael
    A 3-D model was used in this study to determine the influence of midsole hardness, as well as the influence of running in shoes in comparison to barefoot, on the contact forces in the joints of the foot and ankle during running. The results showed that there were no statistical differences in the magnitude and rate of joint loading for changing midsole hardness, nor were there any general trends observed in the measured variables. However, both the magnitude and rate of loading in the subtalar and ankle joints during the impact phase were found to be greater in the barefoot condition than the shod condition. The results suggest that if running injuries are assumed to be related to the impact of heel-strike, running in shoes may aid in preventing injuries, whereas it is still questionable whether changes in the midsole hardness have a general influence on the incidence of impact-related injuries.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
      9
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    Factors influencing performance in bobsledding : I. Influences of the bobsled crew and the environment
    (Human Kinetics Publishers, 1989)
    Morlock, Michael
    ;
    Zatsiorsky, Vladimir M.
    The performance in bobsledding is influenced by several factors. This study concentrated on influences of the environment and the bobsled crew on the final time of a bobsled run. The analysis was performed with data collected during the four-man competition at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary. It was shown that the start order, the ice temperature, and the push time together explain about 50% of the variance in the performance (α=0.05). It is suggested that the existing rule concerning the start order in a heat be modified to guarantee a fair competition. Selected speed and turn time variables were shown to give an indication of the characteristics and the important sections of the bobsled track at Canada Olympic Park. It is speculated that the optimization of turn times is more important than the increase in speed in a turn.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
      10