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    DEvelopMent Of methods for manufacturing Small animal phanToms for preclinical RAdiation Research
    Recent developments in the field of small-animal irradiation are enabling a faster translation of experimental results into the clinic, since radiobiology experiments can be reproduced in a more accurate way. In such experiments, mice or rats are often used, as their complex, human-like anatomy is a suitable model for in-vivo analysis. An important technical advancement in preclinical studies is the implementation of image guidance for treatment planning and delivery, resulting in a precise irradiation of the tumour. For an accurate determination of radiation dose, tissue inhomogeneities need to be accounted for during treatment planning and dose calculation. However, typical phantoms for dosimetry and quality assurance are made of a homogeneous material and designed with a simple geometry (such as cylinders). To tackle this issue, phantoms based on realistic anatomy and tissue-mimicking materials were created in the last few years by using additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing. This technique allows for the production of complex models from a three-dimensional data set, and offer high flexibility with respect to both the anatomical details to be included (body shape and internal structure) and the material choice for mimicking tissue properties with respect to x-ray attenuation. However, so far, no systematic approach to phantom development has been described, despite the need for models that are suitable as a standard for characterisation of small-animal imaging and radiation equipment. All proposed models, in fact, are built for specific purposes and therefore not adaptable for further tests in an inexpensive and sustainable way. With this project, we intend to develop a systematic approach for flexible and modular phantom development and qualification in small-animal medical imaging and radiotherapy. To this end, we will focus on (i) the definition of a general creation process for sustainable and inexpensive phantoms, from the construction of a 3D model to the choice of the AM technique, (ii) the generation of a database for 3D printable materials with tissue-equivalent x-ray absorption properties and (iii) the development of 3D models which can be used for Monte Carlo simulations as well as for other purposes, such as image registration verification. By implementing this approach and making the results available to the community, we will contribute to data harmonisation and effective training in the radiobiology community without the use of small animals, which complies with the principle of the “3R” (Replace, Reduce, Refine) in animal research.
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    Supporting method validation through situation tailored validation activities
    Um sicherzustellen, dass Produktentwicklungsmethoden (PE-Methoden) den antizipierten Beitrag zur Produktentwicklung leisten und die Denkweise von Produktentwickler*innen positiv beeinflussen, ist ihre Validierung ein zentraler Schritt. Die Validierung von PE-Methoden stellt aber weiterhin eine zentrale Herausforderung für Methodenforschende dar. Das Vorgängerprojekt MProvE adressierte die Herausforderung des Übergangs von übergeordneten Forschungsmethodiken zu konkreten Validierungsaktivitäten durch die Entwicklung eines auf Objektivität und Reproduzierbarkeit von Erkenntnissen ausgerichteten Vorgehensmodells. Dieses ermöglicht es den Forschenden, sich in die Struktur-, Wirkungs- und Leistungsvalidierung einzuordnen, den Validierungsfortschritt zu unterscheiden und darauf aufbauend die Art und Abfolge der erforderlichen Studien zu identifizieren, für die unterstützende Validierungsaktivitäten genutzt werden können. Für die Struktur- und Wirkungsvalidierung wurden zudem unterstützende Validierungsaktivitäten entwickelt und evaluiert. Dabei verbleibt das Problem, dass es für die von einer Vielzahl an Randbedingungen beeinflusste Leistungsvalidierung keine geeigneten Validierungsaktivitäten gibt. Solche Randbedingungen sind zum Beispiel der Zeithorizont des Nutzens oder die Häufigkeit des Auftretens des Problems. Dieser Folgeantrag zielt daher darauf ab, die Objektivität und Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse in der Leistungsvalidierung von PE-Methoden durch Validierungsaktivitäten unter Berücksichtigung der Randbedingungen der Methodenforschungsprojekte zu stärken. Zu diesem Zweck wird zunächst mittels einer Interviewstudie ein ganzheitliches Bild über die Randbedingungen in Methodenforschungsprojekten erarbeitet. Die Erkenntnisse daraus werden anschließend genutzt, um am PKT eine Validierungsaktivität für das Validierungskriterium Anwendbarkeit und am IPEK eine Validierungsaktivität für das Validierungskriterium Effektivität von PE-Methoden für die Leistungsvalidierung zu entwickeln und evaluieren. Die Evaluation der Validierungsaktivitäten erfolgt in drei aufeinander aufbauenden Studien: Es findet eine Evaluation mit anderen Forschenden statt, dann wird eine Probandenstudie am Lehrstuhl, der die Validierungsaktivität jeweils entwickelt hat, durchgeführt und abschließend eine Probandenstudie als Kreuzevaluation am jeweils anderen Lehrstuhl durchgeführt. Zudem werden die Randbedingungen in das Vorgehensmodell aus dem Vorgängerprojekt MProvE integriert, dieses in Form einer Webseite digitalisiert und so eine situationsgerechte Auswahl und Planung der Validierungsaktivitäten zur Leistungsvalidierung ermöglicht. Als Ergebnis des Forschungsvorhabens entstehen folglich zwei Validierungsaktivitäten für die Leistungsvalidierung und eine Webseite, die Vorgehensmodell und Validierungsaktivitäten aus den Projekten MProvE und MusiVal für den Transfer zusammenführt. Dies ist eine wesentliche Grundlage für die transparente und vergleichbare Leistungsvalidierung.
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    Simulation aided analysis and evaluation of concepts for modular product structure strategies
    As part of the interdisciplinary research project from the engineering perspective of product development an d the business management perspective of controlling, the aim is to analyse how the modularization approaches common module strategy, modular kit strategy, and platform strategy influence the economic target costs,variable time, quality, and flexibility of the product structures to be developed. For this evaluation of modular product structures, an integrated, simulation-based impact model for product structure strategies will be developed on an interdisciplinary basis, which combines the view of product development with that of cost accounting and should enable cost-based decision support at an early stage of product generation development. It is based on the already developed impact model of modular product families, which has already been developed within the framework of DFG projects.. First, the model-relevant effects and parameters are identified, which form the basis for the interdependencies in the model. Based on this, the integrated simulation-based impact model is developed, which enables the objective evaluation of concepts for product structure strategies using the example of a product family. To generalize the impact model for product structure strategies, varying boundary conditions and uncertainties of the available data are then considered, allowing an evaluation based on incomplete or inaccurate data. Finally, the model and the uncertainties taken into ac-count are validated using the example of a product family of pressure control valves. This will provide insights into which product structure strategy is advantageous under which boundary conditions. This can form the basis for further research.
      63
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    SPP 2305: Microelectronic modular system for sensor-integrating machine elements
    The systematic development of sensor-integrating machine elements (SiME), in particular taking into account the severely limited installation space, the preservation of the primary function, efficient data management and a self-sufficient energy budget represents a major challenge in the field of mechatronic development, which is currently not supported methodically. The aim of this project is to design a model-based microelectronic modular construction kit (MBK) for the systematic development of modular sensor systems (MSS) for SiME using the example of fastening screws. The MBK will be tested using sensor-integrating screws (SiSch) and other SiME in order to be able to configure and design MSS from electronic components for specific machine element applications. In addition to the development of the SiME, their functional verification is also considered through the automated derivation of suitable test procedures from the MBK. This is achieved through the necessary collaboration between the different researches from areas of mechanics, (micro) electronics, software and design methodology. In the second funding period (FP), requirements are initially defined for the self-sufficiency of the SiME. These include wireless data transmission, a non-life-limiting energy supply for the microelectronic systems and their update capability. The additional requirements, necessary components, interfaces and protocols are implemented in the model-based MBK in the SysML modeling language in order to be able to configure self-sufficient MSS. The application-specific combination of module variants and a configuration of different solution alternatives for MSS in SiME should provide advantages in the development of SiME, e.g. through the identification of synergy potentials across the various SPP projects. The system configuration and preliminary design will continue to follow the defined basic strategies data-, energy- and space-optimized. In addition, test procedures for functional verification are to be identified in the second FP and stored in the MBK. Based on this, the test procedures required for the proof of function are output in addition to the MSS configuration. To this end, three integration levels (IS) are defined, each describing loose components and modules (IS 0), integrated modules, systems and interfaces (IS I) and finally MSS in the machine element (IS II). A configuration of a self-sufficient MSS from the MBK is selected as an example for a prototypical implementation in the form of demonstrators. The prototypical realized MSS demonstrators are integrated and the resulting SiSch are then examined in tests for their self-sufficiency capabilities and sensory functions. The test results are fed back into the MBK so that valid (partial) configurations can be prioritized for use in the future.
      50
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    New concepts for hydrogen testing with electrodynamic shaker-systems
    Die Verwendung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger in der Luftfahrt eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten im Hinblick auf nachhaltiges und klimaneutrales Fliegen. Mit der Entwicklung erster Demonstratoren die auf dieser Technologie aufbauen, müssen zur Sicherung der Luftfahrttüchtigkeit alle entsprechenden Komponenten inklusive Wasserstoff-Befüllung auch unter Realbedingungen getestet werden. Aktuell existieren jedoch keine für Luftfahrtanwendungen ausgelegten Prüfverfahren und Prüfstände welche die Tests zur Zertifizierung solcher Bauteile erlauben, da insbesondere die von Wasserstoff ausgehende Explosionsgefahr bei bestehenden Prüfanlagen oftmals nicht berücksichtigt ist. Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens ist daher die ganzheitliche Betrachtung von Tests mit Wasserstoff-Komponenten in der Luftfahrt von der Entwicklung bzw. Anpassung von Prüfsystemen bis hin zur methodisch unterstützten Durchführung von Demonstrator-Versuchen. Als Anwendungsbeispiel dienen existierende Versuchsumgebungen zur dynamischen Prüfung von Testkörpern. Aufbauend auf einer Analyse aktueller Normen und Vorschriften werden in diesem Vorhaben Gefahrenstufen entwickelt, entsprechende Anforderungen definiert und Wasserstoffkomponenten quantitativ kategorisiert, um darauf aufbauend entsprechende Prüfstrategien und Handlungsableitungen zu erarbeiten. Abschließend soll die Umsetzung eines Konzepts an einer bestehenden Prüfanlage und damit die Demonstration bzw. Validierung der Umsetzbarkeit erfolgen.
      11
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    Dynamically Adaptive Impedance Elements for Vibration Control in Validation Environments
    When validating technical systems in dynamic tests, the coupling of the technical system to the test environment can influence the test results. This influence is relevant in different dynamic systems. One possible objective is to positively influence the dynamic behavior of vibrationally loaded systems by means of adjusted interface properties, so that, for example, critical vibration amplitude increases can be reduced or completely avoided. In the field of realistic testing, it is necessary to simulate the interface properties of the real environment to obtain a meaningful behavior of the test object. The proposed project focuses on the investigation of dynamically adaptive impedance elements. These serve as interface elements in test engineering to be able to reproduce time varying mechanical boundary conditions. The applicability and transferability in the very different areas of power tool and aircraft cabin validation will be determined as an example. In the area of power tools, dynamically adaptive impedance elements can be used as a substitute model to represent the human-machine interaction. This interaction is transient in time and therefore requires an adaptability of the substitute model to be able to represent different operating conditions. With dynamically adaptive impedance elements, it is possible in the field of aircraft cabin element investigation to accelerate the test activities by multi-stationary representation of different connection properties of the test object to the test bench and to enable large experimental parameter studies. Research into dynamically adaptive impedance elements involves first identifying the requirements in dynamic testing of systems. Through a systematic development of adaptive stiffness and damping elements and their combination to dynamically adaptive impedance elements, it will be possible to represent the determined operating states and operating state transitions in testing. In a methodical approach with the help of a selection catalog and accompanying guidelines, transferability will be ensured to support further research in this field.
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