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    Skalierbare Akustische Backscatter Kommunikationssysteme in metallenen Strukturen
    Cyber-Physical Systems - i.e., the intertwining of the physical with the virtual world - enable the smartification of the partially ailing critical civil infrastructure. Miniaturized sensors in, e.g., bridges' steel beams or within pipelines are a prerequisite for predictive maintenance to increase safety at reduced costs. However, the technology and methods currently available are largely unsuitable for this purpose. Radio communication is severely limited or even impossible inside solid bodies, especially metallic ones. Cabling for communication or power supply is economically not desirable or impairs the infrastructure. Batteries cannot guarantee the energy supply of the sensors over the lifetime of the infrastructure. Therefore, alternative and novel technologies are required. In the proposed project, we take on this challenge and conduct fundamental research on wireless acoustic passive backscatter communication for battery-less devices. In particular, we make the following contributions: (1) We examine the properties and requirements of acoustic channels and communication methods, identify the main influencing factors, and develop methods, models, and practical tools for research. (2) We research wideband modulation methods for completely passive and resilient communication in large networks. (3) We design and examine appropriate scalability techniques for large sensor networks. (4) We study the feasibility of battery-lessness and trigger future research. As part of the proposed project, methods, algorithms, and protocols are researched, theoretically modeled, simulated, and evaluated through experiments. The project will thus make fundamental contributions to an emerging field of research that has largely untapped potential for realizing an essential, socially relevant, security-critical, and economic aspect of the digitization and smartification of our world.
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    Acoustic Swarm Localization
    For very long time, swarms of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) were economically prohibitive and mostly used for offshore missions. With smaller and cheaper AUVs developed in the past decade, the utilization of swarms of AUVs has become an emerging topic in underwater research and civil applications. For example, AUVs swarms can be used for exploration and monitoring in shallow water environments, such as ports, harbors and fisheries. Compared to a single AUV, AUV swarms address the issues of limited energy budget and covering of area, insufficient sensing capabilities, while offering reduced operation time required and collaborative decision-making abilities. Nevertheless, due to the absence of satellite navigation, underwater localization is still a major technical difficulty for swarms of AUVs. Acoustic localization is the canocial way of performing underwater localization which enables the widest range coverage. The high cost of commercial underwater acoustic localization solutions, however, is non-negligible for large-sized swarms, which imposes a need for cost-saving alternatives with affordable devices. In this context, new cost-effective underwater localization strategies need to be developed for swarm vehicles in a scalable manner.
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    Acoustic Backscatter
    Civil infrastructure is aging in many industrialized countries around the world. Autonomous monitoring of existing civil and industrial structures is of growing interest, as it has the potential to reduce cost for maintenance and repairs drastically, replace tedious, time-consuming and error-prone manual inspections, and allows to detect damage long before the human eye can. Especially in large structures, wireless sensor networks are preferable, as the deployment of cable-bound solutions is very costly. However, communicating with wireless sensors is challenging in many environments, as conventional communication techniques rely on electromagnetic waves, which cannot penetrate metal boundaries, e.g. if sensors are embedded within the structure. Furthermore, powering such devices with batteries requires regular battery replacements, which are costly when sensor nodes are in hard-to-reach places. Wireless power transfer is therefore an attractive solution to power sensor nodes in closed metal containers, such as pressure tanks or pipelines.
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