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    Item type:Publication, Access status: with files ,
    Scaling laws for mitigated pile driving: dependence of underwater noise on strike energy, pile diameter, ram weight, water depth, and mitigation system
    (American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2024-09-01)
    Pein, Jonas von
    ;
    Lippert, Tristan
    ;
    Lippert, Stephan
    ;
    Estorff, Otto von
    Sound induced by impact pile driving is a possible risk to marine life. Therefore, it is common practice to use noise mitigation systems during piling to reduce the respective impact and to fulfill the prescribed noise limits. Scaling laws for the estimation of the underwater noise from unmitigated impact pile driving have been presented in von Pein, Lippert, Lippert, and von Estorff, "Scaling laws for unmitigated pile driving: Dependence of underwater noise on strike energy, pile diameter, ram weight, and water depth," Appl. Acoust. 198, 108986 (2022). This contribution shows how these scaling laws need to be changed if noise mitigation systems are considered. Scaling laws are developed for four different kinds of noise mitigation system setups. These include big bubble curtains, double big bubble curtain combinations, a fully absorbing system directly at the pile, and the combination of a system close to the pile and a double big bubble curtain. The derived scaling laws are verified and compared to publicly available measurement data.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
      16  105
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    Scaling offshore pile driving noise: Estimating the relevant sound pressure levels
    (2022-10)
    Pein, Jonas von
    ;
    Lippert, Tristan
    ;
    Lippert, Stephan
    ;
    Estorff, Otto von
    Underwater noise due to construction activities can reach sound pressure levels that are potentially harmful to the marine fauna. Percussive pile driving is the state-of-the-art installation technique for the foundations of offshore wind farms. The installation process leads to very high noise emissions. To protect the environment, limits have to be fulfilled for offshore pile driving noise in many countries. The assessment of the occurring sound pressure levels can be either done by numerical models or by simplified scaling methods. The scaling methods are especially useful at early stages of the planning phase, since a lot of input data that is necessary for the numerical models may not be available at that point. Within this contribution, the scalability of the relevant sound pressure levels such as the sound exposure level (SEL) and the peak sound pressure level (SPLpeak) is shown with and without the application of a big bubble curtain (BBC).
    Publicationtype: Conference Paper
      31
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    Scaling laws for unmitigated pile driving: Dependence of underwater noise on strike energy, pile diameter, ram weight, and water depth
    (Elsevier, 2022-08-27)
    Pein, Jonas von
    ;
    Lippert, Tristan
    ;
    Lippert, Stephan
    ;
    Estorff, Otto von
    Sound produced by marine pile driving activities poses a possible risk to marine life. The assessment and mitigation of this risk requires a prediction of the expected sound levels. While different analytical models have been presented to estimate the decay characteristics of pile driving noise, the estimation of the source level still requires the use of numerical modelling in most cases. The paper at hand discusses the possibilities and limits of estimating approximate source or any other levels by scaling laws, using measurement data from previous projects. The identified main influencing factors include strike energy of the hammer, pile diameter, ram weight, and water depth. The scaling laws are derived from theoretical considerations verified against results of a state-of-the-art finite element model for pile driving noise radiation. The found dependencies are then validated against a set of offshore measurement results. It is shown that the obtained scaling laws provide an option to approximately estimate the sound exposure levels of pile driving activities from one site to the other, within practical ranges of accuracy.
    Publicationtype: Journal Article
    Scopus© Citations 5  98  220
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    Item type:Publication, Access status: without files ,
    Scaling offshore pile driving noise: examples for scenarios with and without a big bubble curtain
    (2022-06)
    Pein, Jonas von
    ;
    Lippert, Tristan
    ;
    Lippert, Stephan
    ;
    Estorff, Otto von
    For the installation of offshore wind turbines, large pile foundations are driven into the seabed. The pile driving process can lead to high sound pressure levels in the water column. These levels can reach magnitudes that are potentially dangerous for the marine fauna. Therefore, in many countries the emitted sound pressure levels have to comply with limit values in order to protect the marine environment. Noise mitigation measures are usually necessary to fulfill these limits. Prior to wind farm construction, complex numerical models are often applied for a precise prediction of the occurring sound pressure levels to be expected. In order to allow a simplified first estimation even without such detailed calculation models, scaling laws provide an alternative approach. Within this contribution, already existing scaling laws for unmitigated pile driving are updated for scenarios including a big bubble curtain. The sound exposure levels of six different sites are estimated applying scaling laws for unmitigated and mitigated pile driving noise and compared to the actual measurements.
    Publicationtype: Conference Paper
      24
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    Scaling offhore pile driving noise : examples for scenarios with and without a big bubble curtain
    (International Commission for Acoustics (ICA), 2022-06)
    Pein, Jonas von
    ;
    Lippert, Tristan
    ;
    Lippert, Stephan
    ;
    Estorff, Otto von
    Publicationtype: Conference Paper
      52
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    Influence of the pile geometry on the underwater noise during offshore pile driving
    (2022-06)
    Klages, Elin
    ;
    Lippert, Stephan
    ;
    Estorff, Otto von
    Offshore wind energy is evolving worldwide. Very often, impact-driven monopiles are used as foundations for offshore wind turbines. However, driving piles into the seabed causes very high underwater sound pressure levels, which might endanger animals living in the sea. Therefore, several prediction methods for the occurring underwater sound pressure levels from pile driving have been developed in the past years. Furthermore, different noise mitigation systems exist to decrease the noise emission into the water. Additional knowledge of the sound source, i.e., the driven pile, would simplify predictions and help the development of impact hammers or piles emitting less noise. The present paper applies findings from the theory of axisymmetric vibrations of cylindrical shells as well as their sound radiation to the field of offshore pile driving.
    Publicationtype: Conference Paper
      35
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