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Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Hydrogen supply networks‘ evolution for air transport – supplementary reportThis supplementary report extends the scope of the HyNEAT final project report by integrating the hydrogen (H2) demand for H2-based Sustainable Aviation Fuels (eSAF) into the assessment of liquid hydrogen (LH2) supply infrastructure. While the main study focused exclusively on the infrastructure for direct H2 propulsion, this analysis extends that perspective by providing a comprehensive evaluation of a European airport network that accounts for the significant H2 demand associated with eSAF production. To comply with ReFuelEU Aviation mandates and overcome the scalability constraints of biogenic fuels, the sector must rely on eSAF for long-haul decarbonisation. Unlike biofuels, the power-to-liquid pathway creates a substantial demand for renewable H2. Consequently, this study determines the future for eSAF and LH2 demand and models the parallel supply chains for LH2 and eSAF to determine their aggregated impact on the European energy system, infrastructure optimisation, and macroeconomic landscape across varying uptake scenarios.Publicationtype: Report20 12 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Design of hydrogen supply networks for aviation: dynamic optimization model and transition pathways for German airportsHydrogen-based propulsion concepts for aircraft are considered a promising technology towards the decarbonization of aviation. While the development of respective aircraft models is in progress, questions regarding the supply network of green hydrogen are arising. We present a multi-period mixed-integer programming model for the hydrogen supply chain network design problem focusing on the aviation sector. The model minimizes the total network cost by making strategic decisions (e.g. suppliers, locations, capacities, transportation infrastructure) and tactical decisions (e.g. hydrogen flows, storage quantities) at different temporal resolutions. Our model formulation considers the spatially and temporally varying supply and demand of hydrogen, the techno-economic characteristics of hydrogen storage, liquefaction and transportation (e.g., economies of scale), as well as the specific requirements of hydrogen handling (e.g., losses). Model application is illustrated for a representative set of German airports with local production and hydrogen import options, considering the projected development of the European Hydrogen Backbone pipeline infrastructure. Optimal network designs (from production to the airport storage tanks) and corresponding costs are analyzed for different hydrogen demand scenarios. In addition to the model results, refueling costs at each airport are calculated separately, thereby covering the entire end-to-end supply chain and enabling the estimation of hydrogen cost at the pump.Publicationtype: Journal Article34 7 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Hydrogen Supply Networks‘ Evolution for Air Transport – Final Project ReportThis report provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential for a liquid hydrogen (LH2 ) supply infrastructure for hydrogen (H2 )-powered aviation in Europe. H2 is a key defossilization tool and will be critical for emission reduction in aviation, either through direct use as a fuel or as a feedstock for sustainable aviation fuels. Rather than advocating for H2-powered aviation as the main solution, this report explores how such an LH2 supply infrastructure could be realized, what implications it would entail, and how it might interact with the broader European energy system. To capture the inherent uncertainties in technology development and policy commitment, we developed a series of scenarios for the uptake of H2 –powered aircraft: the Baseline, Ambitious Policy, and Moonshot scenario. Using a system dynamics model, we determined the future LH2 demands for a European airport network for these scenarios. In order to meet these demands as cost-effectively as possible, we developed a H2 supply network model which determines the cost optimal supply network for a target picture in the year 2050 as well as the transition path to reach that target picture. The supply network can consist of multiple H2 supply routes available for the airports (on-site LH2 production, GH2 pipelines, LH2 trucks and LH2 vessels). The potential H2 supply volumes and costs are determined using an energy system transition model which is used to evaluate the integration of H2 production into the general energy system transformation on three perspectives: International H2 import options, H2 production within the European energy system as well as the impact of LH2 supply for aviation on the local energy system. As LH2 availability and supply costs vary greatly between airports, we use a flight network model to evaluate how these costs influence the future flight networks. The study also includes the ecological evaluation using a life cycle assessment to determine the ecological impact of H2 production and compare the different supply routes. In addition, we examine potential business models, stakeholder perspectives, and policy instruments to support this transition, with the goal of informing decision-making in industry, policy, and science. Finally, the macroeconomic impact of implementing such a supply infrastructure is analysed using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM)-based multiplier model.Publicationtype: Research Report77 39