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Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Synthetic natural gas as a green hydrogen carrier : technical, economic and environmental assessment of several supply chain conceptsBased on synthetic natural gas, existing natural gas markets and infrastructures can be used to make renewable sources of energy from sun- and/or wind-rich regions available on a global scale. To overcome the challenge of providing non-fossil CO2 for the production of this synthetic natural gas, a novel concept analyzed in this paper envisages to reform the synthetic natural gas in the importing country and transporting the captured CO2 back to the exporting country to be reused for the production of synthetic natural gas; i.e., the synthetic natural gas serves as a hydrogen carrier. This paper examines and compares the energy efficiency, cost and greenhouse gas emissions of different hydrogen supply chains using synthetic natural gas as a carrier related to the year 2030. To do so, all relevant components are taken into account to model the entire supply chains. A special focus is put on different options for providing the required CO2 and on different technologies for synthetic natural gas reforming. The assessment shows that the availability of a cheap source of biogenic CO2 at the point-of-export as well as electrified steam methane reforming result in the lowest hydrogen supply cost of 6.6 to 7.0 €2020/kgH2, also achieving best results in terms of energy efficiency (around 44%). With regard to minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, autothermal reforming of methane appears to be advantageous. A closed CO2 cycle is favorable over sole onsite CO2 provision, if no cheap CO2 of non-fossil origin is available at the point-of-export and the costly direct air capture process would have to be used.Publicationtype: Journal Article48 118 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Aboveground hydrogen storage : assessment of the potential market relevance in a carbon-neutral european energy system(Elsevier, 2024-04-15); ; ; ; Hydrogen storage is expected to play a crucial role in the comprehensive defossilization of energy systems. In this context, the focus is typically on underground hydrogen storage (e.g., in salt caverns). However, aboveground storage, which is independent of geological conditions and might offer other technical advantages, could provide systemic benefits and, thereby, gain shares in the hydrogen storage market. Against this background, this paper examines the market relevance of aboveground compared to underground hydrogen storage. Using the open-source energy system model and optimization framework of Europe, PyPSA-Eur, the influence of geological independence, storage cost relations, and technical storage characteristics (i.e., efficiencies) on mentioned market relevance of aboveground hydrogen storage are investigated. Further, the expectable market relevance based on current cost projections for the future is assessed. The studies show that in terms of hydrogen capacities, aboveground hydrogen storage plays a considerably smaller role compared to underground hydrogen storage. Even when assuming comparatively low aboveground storage cost, it will not exceed 1.7% (1.9 TWhH2,LHV) of total hydrogen storage capacities in a cost-optimal European energy system. Regarding the amounts of annually stored hydrogen, aboveground storage could play a larger role, reaching a maximum share of 32.5% (168 TWhH2,LHV a-1) of total stored hydrogen throughout Europe. However, these shares are only achievable for low cost storage in particularly suited energy system supply configurations. For higher aboveground storage costs or lower efficiencies, shares drop below 10% sharply. The analysis identifies some especially influential factors for achieving higher market relevance. Besides storage costs, the demand-orientation of a particular aboveground storage system (e.g., hydrogen storage at demand pressure levels) plays an essential role in market relevance. Further, overall efficiency can be a beneficial factor. Still, current projections of future techno-economic characteristics show that aboveground hydrogen storage is too expensive or too inefficient compared to underground storage. Therefore, to achieve notable market relevance, rather drastic cost reductions beyond current expectations would be needed for all assessed aboveground hydrogen storage technologies.Publicationtype: Journal Article37 185 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Green hydrogen supply chains - a techno-economic assessment(2024-03-18); ; The import of green energy will in all likelihood play a key role in Germany's transformation towards a climate-neutral energy supply. In this presentation, various options for the import of molecular energy are examined and evaluated techno-economically. One focus is on import options that use carbon-based energy carriers.Publicationtype: Conference Presentation33 14 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Power and biogas to methanol – a techno-economic analysis of carbon-maximized green methanol production via two reforming approachesThe limited potential of sustainably available biomass requires efficient conversion to defossilize future demands of carbon-based chemicals and energy carriers. Therefore, integrating electricity-derived hydrogen into biomass-based production concepts appears promising, maximizing carbon utilization while minimizing biomass requirement. However, specific process concepts and analyses are still lacking to quantify the potential technical and economic benefits of such hybrid production processes. Thus, this research paper investigates this novel approach for decentralized methanol production from biogas within a techno-economic analysis, considering two production configurations. One configuration (BiRef) utilizes electrically heated bi-reforming for syngas generation, while the other configuration (TriRef) uses autothermal tri-reforming. Based on stationary process simulations, in-depth knowledge about process behavior is gained, efficiencies and costs are determined, and influencing factors are assessed. Within the reference case, the BiRef configuration achieves a carbon efficiency of 93 %, while the TriRef configuration reaches 97 % due to its enhanced methane conversion. Energy efficiency is 5 %pt. higher within the BiRef configuration (74 %), primarily due to the lower hydrogen demand. Carbon and energy efficiency are crucially affected by reforming temperature and inert gas fraction in the syngas. The economic analysis shows methanol production costs of ca. 1,300 €2022/t for both configurations. Variations in economic parameters emphasize advantages for the TriRef configuration when low hydrogen costs (<6 €2022/kg) are achievable. The comparison with purely biogas-based methanol production shows that hydrogen addition increases production capacity by up to 67 %. Cost advantages result against purely electricity-based production, while cost parity is achieved with purely biogas-based production. This paper demonstrates the potential of hybrid methanol production for efficient biogas utilization and highlights decisive parameters influencing technical and economic efficiency.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleScopus© Citations 2 68 95 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: without files , Conditioned hydrogen for a green hydrogen supply for heavy duty-vehicles in 2030 and 2050 – A techno-economic well-to-tank assessment of various supply chains(2024-01-02); ; ; Hydrogen, seen as a promising secondary renewable energy carrier, can becompressed or liquefied as well as chemically bound to enable a more economic storage and transportation. All conditioned hydrogen options obtain specific advantages and disadvantages. Thus, this paper assess the energy efficiency and the cost of a green hydrogen supply from well to tank exemplified for fuel cell heavy-duty vehicles in Germany related to the years 2030 and 2050. Therefore, compressed gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, methanol and ammonia are considered and different hydrogen production regions in North and Central Germany, as well as an import from Tunisia and Argentina (Patagonia) are assumed. The assessment shows that a hydrogen supply chain in its state of aggregation as finally demanded is the lowest cost option leading to 700 bar compressed gaseous hydrogen filling costs of 5 €2020/kgH2 in 2030 and 4 €2020/kgH2 in 2050 and liquid hydrogen filling costs around 7 €2020/kgH2 in 2030 and 6 €2020/kgH2 in 2050.Publicationtype: Journal Article119 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: without files , Hydrogen Supply ChainsHydrogen is seen as a promising energy carrier due to its multifarious fields of possible application within climate change mitigation. Particularly, hard-to-abate sectors like aviation, shipping, steel production, and back up electricity supply can be promising applications for this energy carrier in its elementary form or as a derivative. In this context, different hydrogen supply chains are introduced, analyzed and discussed. While compressed gaseous hydrogen supply via pipeline networks offer cost advantages for shorter distances, seaborne transportation of liquid hydrogen can be a viable option for longer-distance transportation, leveraging regions with abundant renewable sources of energy. Material-based carriers like ammonia, methanol, and to some extend LOHCs are considered short-term solutions due to their established infrastructure, although they pose higher energy demands and costs for hydrogen release at the consumption site.Publicationtype: Book part22 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: without files , 54 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: without files , Hydrogen aviation : the chances, the costs, the futureWhat links Airbus' ZEROe project with Germany's salt caverns? Hydrogen. A promising carbon-free fuel, it's an attractive energy vector for Hamburg's future energy needs. Industry and the City of Hamburg are investing heavily in hydrogen infrastructure and research. Moving from fossil aviation fuels to hydrogen is going to be a complex, costly business. According to a recent study by Transport and Environment, the price tag of transitioning aviation to hydrogen in the EU could be up to €300bn. Too expensive? As one of the contributors to the study, Lukas Sens of the Technical University of Hamburg, notes, compare that to the €161bn net income of Saudi Aramco in 2022. And the same study estimates that up to 65% of intra-EU aviation could be fuelled by hydrogen by 2050. And that the cost per passenger flying on a hydrogen-fuelled plane might be only 7% more than using fossil kerosene. On this episode of Hamburg Aviation Green, Lucas gives us a deep dive on the techno-economic issues surrounding hydrogen adoption in aviation. We talk about carbon pricing and trading, ticket prices on LH2-fuelled planes, sector coupling and energy sovereignty, to name just a few. But what about the salt caverns? They could reduce the cost of green hydrogen by up to 50%. How? Listen in and find out. This episode is the last in this season of Hamburg Aviation Green. Make sure to check out some of our recent episodes, including hydrogen at Hamburg Airport, accelerating innovation at ZAL, sustainable cabins, life cycle assessments and much more.Publicationtype: Sound60 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: with files , Photovoltaik für die grüne Wasserstoffproduktion(2023-09-19)Hydrogen is a promising secondary energy carrier for a climate-neutral energy system. This presentation takes a closer look at the role of photovoltaics in green hydrogen production and gives an insight into the share of photovoltaics in electricity generation power as well as to the achivable minimized hydrogen production costs.Publicationtype: Conference Presentation102 122 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Access status: without files , Wasserstoff-Importoptionen für Deutschland(Agora Industrie, 2023-09-14); ; ; ; Deutsch, MatthiasThere is a broad consensus that the transition to climate neutrality will require significant imports of renewable hydrogen and/or molecules derived from it. It is currently unclear in what form these imports can best be realized. In this context, a novel concept has been proposed for Germany that connects existing LNG terminals with renewable hydrogen via synthetic natural gas (SNG) and has the additional feature of an almost closed carbon cycle. According to current industry plans, around 15 terawatt hours of SNG are to be imported annually by 2030, which corresponds to around five percent of the total capacity of the planned LNG terminal. The SNG route with a carbon cycle has not yet been independently investigated in the literature. This report investigates the proposed concept and compares SNG-based hydrogen import with other commonly discussed hydrogen import options (e.g. via ammonia, liquid hydrogen or methanol). The report is available for download on the website of Agora Energiewende.Publicationtype: Research Report57