Publication References
Permanent URI for this collection
This is a collection for publication with metadata only, if you cannot provide your fulltext files due to legal issues.
Browse
Browsing Publication References by Department "Abwasserwirtschaft und Gewässerschutz B-2"
Now showing1 - 20 of 21
Results Per Page
Sort Options
- Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files A Review of Agroforestry Practices with an Introduction to the Arba Minch Slope Farming Project(2017-09)Agroforestry is the inclusion of trees or other woody perennial plants into agricultural systems, including crop and livestock production. It can also be seen as a combination of agriculture and forestry. While conventional large scale agriculture is mainly concerned with maximising short term yields, agroforestry has the objective of emulating natural ecosystems in order to realise a number of ecosystem services. Those include the protection of soil against erosion and water-logging, minimising evaporation of water from soil and plants by decreasing wind speed, water protection through deeper and more extensive root systems and increased biodiversity. Long term stability and productivity of agroforestry systems surpasses those of conventional monocultures or pasturelands, as they tend to be more resilient, but the establishment of trees on farmland comes with certain challenges. Until the trees start to pay off, several years or even decades might pass. The right combination of trees, crops and animals for the particular climate, soil type and desired outcomes has to be carefully selected, which is often hard to predict in terms of productivity and required management. Trees have the potential to become too dominant anddiminish yields of nearby cash crops or pasture grasses. Moreover, agricultural policies still tend to favour large scale conventional farming methods over alternative land management systems by selective provision of subsidies and lack of regulatory framework concerning agroforestry systems in particular.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:RUVIVAL publication series 1: 6-13 (2017-09)130 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files A Literature Review on Soil Erosion Quantification and Measurements(2019-09); Schaldach, RuthSoil erosion is a geomorphological process caused by nature or human activities. It exists throughout the world and erosion rates are highly variable, depending on climatic and topographic conditions as well as local soil properties. Most commonly, soil erosion is associated with water (rain splash or runoff); however, wind, especially in arid and semi-arid regions can cause erosion, too. Many studies investigate the effects of soil conservation practices in different regions of the world, showing that there is no single principle applicable to all cases. In addition to tailoring soil conservation measures to the specific environment, some local agronomic measures may also prevent erosion. The applica-tion of vegetation cover increases soil moisture and organic matter content. This also improvesinfiltration rates of rainwater. Furthermore, the use of organic mulch proves to protect soil against water erosion and improve its physical properties. Whenever possible, agricultural practices should be combined with soil management strategies. Mechanical measures, such as windbreaks and ter-races, are rather expensive and are regarded as additional erosion prevention, but never as a stand-alone approach. There is a high need for governmental action to improve education about soil conservation and apply stronger policies regarding the sustainable use of land.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:RUVIVAL publication series 5: 18-31 (2019-09)166 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Anaerobic treatment of deinking sludge: Methane production and organic matter degradation(2019-02-15); ;Ogun, Moses KoladeDeinking sludge (DS) is a residue from the waste paper recycling industry. It is a by-product originating from the deinking process which is designed to remove inks and other impurities from waste papers to recover usable fibers. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of anaerobic digestion (AD) of DS in order to produce methane (CH4) by degrading organic matter. DS differs clearly from common AD substrates due to its specific composition. The focus was laid on comparing various inocula in order to find appropriate microbial consortia. Three inocula from different origins were investigated. After sludge and inocula characterization, batch AD at a mesophilic (37 °C) condition was performed for 21 days to determine biogas and CH4 potentials as well as sludge biodegradability in comparison to cellulose. The highest average CH4 yield achieved in the 21 days of the batch experiment was 167 NmL/g organic dry matter (oDM). However, the CH4 potentials from all experiments did not have a wide range (average 160 NmL/g oDM; standard deviation ±5.0 NmL/g oDM). The highest organic matter degradation achieved was 31%. It can be stated that conventional AD inocula are usable to degrade DS, but that a significant part of the oDM was anaerobically not degradable. The overall CH4 yields were lower compared to top AD substrates such as energy crops, but in a similar range like residue-based AD substrates such as manure. Since actual DS management is cost-intensive and affecting the profitability of waste paper industry significantly, AD as a management option with an energetically valuable output is a very promising option.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Waste management (New York, N.Y.) (85): 417-424 (2019-02-15)Publisher DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.046315 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Characterisation of anaerobic digestion substrates regarding trace elements and determination of the influence of trace elements on the hydrolysis and acidification phases during the methanisation of a maize silage-based feedstockAnaerobic digestion (AD2) is a well-known pathway in bioenergy production but it could become more efficient. There is a poor understanding of the impacts of trace elements (TEs3) on substrate hydrolysis, which is a limiting step for energy production during AD. Hence, selected substrates were analysed for determining the TEs contents and other properties that are connected with TEs activities. The results showed a wide variation in TEs concentration, and also suggest that the TEs composition may be unfavourable for an optimum substrate hydrolysis. Therefore, AD investigations were carried-out using 1-L glass reactors in mesophilic batch mode with a maize silage-based feedstock (MSF4) as an exemplary AD substrate. The experimental set-up was based on a factorial design with Ni, Co, Se, Mo and VFA as factors and hydrolysis and acidification rate (HAR5) as response. The objectives were to qualitatively evaluate the influences of substrate characteristics on HAR, to determine the main and interaction effects of TEs and VFA concentrations on HAR and to optimise TEs configuration at different VFA levels. The response surface model and the desirability function were applied for data analyses. Certain Ni and Mo concentrations as well as the VFA∗Mo interaction improved HAR at VFA levels of 10 and 120 mmol/L. At VFA levels ≥ 200 mmol/L, Co∗Se interaction was significantly beneficial, while Co∗Mo interaction significantly decreased the HAR. In conclusion, TEs supplementation can enhance substrate HAR during AD but the efficiency will depend on the process VFA concentration.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 1 (5): 341-351 (2017)Publisher DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2016.11.03275 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Digitalisierung in der Studiengangsentwicklung – Erwartungen von Stakeholdern und Umsetzungsbeispiele im Bau- und Umweltingenieurwesen(2019-05); Publicationtype: Conference PresentationCitation Publisher Version:Ingenieurpädagogischen Regionaltagung “Technische Bildung im Kontext von Digitalisierung/Automatisierung” Universität Bremen: (2019-05)78 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Energy Access for Sustainable Rural Development: Literature Review on Distributed Renewable Energy for Rural Electrification in Africa(2019-04); ; Schaldach, RuthAccess to electricity is a key mechanism for the improvement of living standards and community ser-vices such as healthcare and education, for the reduction of poverty and enhancement of gender jus-tice. However, in 2016, 14 % of the world’s population still lived without electricity, mostly located in rural areas of economically poor areas. Off-grid and mini-grid systems are summarised under the term ‘distributed energy systems’ or ‘decentralised energy systems’ and provide a fast and cost-efficient method for rural electrification. Applicable technologies include solar photovoltaics, wind power, small hydropower and energy from residual biomass. Those small-scale renewable energy systems offer significant reductions in fossil fuel combustion and entailed emissions of greenhouse gases. This paper reviews distributed renewable energy systems and concentrates on energy services for electricity generation in rural Africa. Whereas political uncertainty and a lack of access to investment capital are major barriers for implementing these services, the systems’ contribution to energy security, their flexibility, affordability, modularity and environmental sustainability are driving forces for their expansion. Investment and payback times are often very much lower than those of large-scale centralised systems with their highly expensive and vulnerable networks.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:RUVIVAL publication series 4: 8-38 (2019-04)153 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Evaluation of commercial membrane choices for removing nitrate from Drinking water for an application in Zarch District(2019-09); Several wells in Zarch District, Iran, are polluted by nitrate and groundwater is a major drinking water source in the region. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrate removal by two commercial membranes NF90 and BW30 (both Dow Filmtec) using natural water under different operating conditions. Experimental series were conducted to assess the influence of temperature and pressure on nitrate removal by the membranes. The results indicated that BW30 (reverse osmosis) performs better removing nitrate than NF90 (Nano-filter). With a feed of 200 mg-3-.L-1, only permeate from the BW30 membrane met the required quality standard for drinking purposes (50 mg-3-.L-1). When the feed concentration increased to 250 mg-3-.L-1, both membranes failed to achieve the standard in the permeate. The membranes showed similar nitrate removal behaviour under different applied temperatures and pressures. It was concluded that the BW30 membrane can be used to produce drinking water in the study area with influent concentrations below 200 mg-NO3-.L-1.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Water and Energy International 6 (62r): 46-50 (2019-09)113 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Improving Methane Yields of Semi-continuous Anaerobic Digestion of Deinking Sludge from Wastepaper Recycling(2020-09-01); ;Ogun, Moses KoladePurpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of trace elements (TEs) supplementation in connection with the organic load rate (OLR) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on methane (CH4) yields in semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of deinking sludge (DS) in order to judge the possibility to use DS as alternative energy source in wastepaper recycling companies. Methods: After substrate characterization, a semi-continuous anaerobic digestion was performed for 74 days using 2-L stirred tank reactors at a mesophilic (37 °C) condition, whereas one of them was supplemented with a mixture of TEs (cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and selenium). The feeding periods had a duration of 4, 7 or 8 days. Results: The highest cumulative CH4 yield after a feeding period was found to be 151 NmL/g oDM after TE supplementation. The TEs-supplementation has resulted in 42% increase in CH4 yield compared to the non-supplemented variant. The increase took place at the end of the experiment. Earlier feeding periods with similar conditions regarding HRT and OLR, did not show an increase. This can be explained by the fact that TEs supplementation requires a longer adaption time for the microorganism. Conclusions: TEs addition has shown a strongly positive impact on CH4 yields. Our results showed that it is possible to receive the same yields in semi-continuous, more practice-close operation, compared to previous potential determination experiments under batch conditions. A further optimization potential is seen by optimizing TEs supplementation in connection with VOA level in the reactor, optimizing C/N ratio and lowering the duration of the feeding intervals. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Waste and Biomass Valorization 11 (9): 4667-4676 (2020-09-01)Publisher DOI:10.1007/s12649-019-00778-827 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Inorganic greywater matrix impact on photocatalytic oxidation : does flocculation of TiO₂ nanoparticles impair process efficiency?This study was conducted in order to clarify whether photocatalyst flocculation - as observed in biologically pretreated greywater - contributes to photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency impairment. Aqueous solutions of tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether spiked with different inorganic salts in concentrations as found in biologically treated greywater were investigated with respect to TiO 2 flocculation and PCO mineralisation kinetics. Flocculation of the photocatalyst primarily depended on pH (which was affected by the salts) and how close pH was to the point of zero charge (PZC). Photocatalyst agglomeration was maximum at pH 5.5. With salt concentrations >7 mmol L -1, flocculation was strong even at pH far above PZC due to electric double layer compression. PCO rate constants were not unequivocally related to flocculation. Increasing pH was observed as the clearest factor deteriorating PCO efficiency. This was interpreted to result from impaired adsorbability of negatively charged oxidation intermediates as well as from enhanced CO 2 absorption with increasing pH and subsequent formation of HCO 3- anions which are OH radical scavengers. © IWA Publishing 2011.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Water Science and Technology 63 (12): 2808-2813 (2011)Publisher DOI:10.2166/wst.2011.614Scopus© Citations 8 15 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Integrated Decentralised Wastewater Treatment for Rural Areas with a Focus on Resource Recovery(2019-04); The most appropriate and sustainable solution for wastewater management in any setting is eco-nomically, environmentally, and technically sound, as well as socially acceptable for the specific community. Centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems are criticised for being re-source intensive and technically too complex, especially for sparsely populated regions with dis-persed settlements. Alternatively, the approach of decentralised wastewater treatment appears as a sustainable solution to address these issues related to rural wastewater management. This paper presents a review of the advantages and limitations of various centralised and decentralised ap-proaches to wastewater treatment and management in rural settings. A sustainable solution to wastewater management in rural areas based on the concept of ecological sanitation, with focus on water and nutrients recovery is presented. Based on research and case studies, the potential of an integrated decentralised wastewater system for rural areas is examined from a technical, economic and environmental viewpoint.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:RUVIVAL publication series 4: 39-64 (2019-04)88 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Landschaftspflegeholze als Bioressource zur stofflichen Verwertung(Institut für Holztechnologie Dresden, 2019-12); ; ; ; ; Im Rahmen des Projekts FLEXIBI wurde eine Inventur zum Vorhandenen Potenzial an Landschaftspflegeholz aus der Pflege von Straßenbäumen in Hamburg durchgeführt. Mittels Dampfaufschluss wurden die Fasern des Materials gewonnen und anschließend zu Testpapier verarbeitet und auf seine mechanischen Eigenschaften bzw. die Eignung als Verpackungsmaterial untersucht und mit Papieren verglichen, die aus Altpapierfasern hergestellt wurden.Publicationtype: Conference PaperCitation Publisher Version:Vernetzen: 13. Holzwerkstoffkolloquium : 12.-13. Dezember 2019 in Dresden / IHD105 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Literature Review on Managed Aquifer Recharge in the Context of Water and Soil Restoration Methods(2017-12); Aquifer recharge occurs naturally through infiltration mechanisms. However, due to changes in the vegetation cover and increasing soil erosion, infiltration rates tend to decrease. The recharge of an aquifer can be managed by facilitating natural infiltration processes and/or by the construction of structures that maintain recharge artificially. Several methods are available to enhance the recharge of an aquifer. The implementation of aquifer recharge schemes can massively increase groundwater levels, which are the best possible long-term storage. Recharge can also help to address objectives such as: improvement of source water quality, recovering of yields, creation of barriers to prevent saline intrusion and/or other contaminants, prevention of land subsidence and the reduction of potentially harmful runoff. Alternatives to recover natural infiltration can be the application of ecosystembased adaptation (EbA) measures or agricultural practices with permanent vegetation cover, such as permaculture. Artificial recharge methods, also called Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), can be broadly categorised into in-channel modifications, well, shaft and borehole recharge, induced bank infiltration and rainwater harvesting. The method of recharge depends strongly on the survey of the site. Two key issues have to be considered: the hydrogeological properties of the aquifer and the source of water. Recharge through living topsoil, as in swales, also provides treatment and is by far preferable. In addition, it should not be forgotten that humus rich soil with adequate vegetation cover provides retention and recharge without any technical intervention. However, the techniques described below are often needed to get restoration started at all.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:RUVIVAL publication series 2: 6-12 (2017-12)145 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Literature Review on the Rainwater Harvesting Research Landscape, In-Situ and Domestic Design Examples and Best Practice Projects in China and Brazil(2017-12); Kassaye, Rahel BirhanuOnly around one per cent of water is currently easily accessible for human needs. This has encouraged a search for solutions to fight local scarcity. One proposed answer is the collection of rainfall through Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) methods. The process consists of collection, storage and local use of rainwater. RWH systems can be sub-categorised based on the catchment size, runoff transfer distance, source of water, mode of storage, mode of usage and other details. An integral part of human settlements and farming for thousands of years, RWH methods present a number of benefits if suitably applied, namely, diversification with better yields that can increase income, create a number of jobs, reduce poverty, promote sustainable forms of agriculture, mitigate climate change and spread yearround vegetation cover as an erosion precaution. However, the benefits of these systems come with certain challenges: most notably the provision of a high quality and sufficient quantity of water with feasible measures. In this paper, challenges have been divided into technical and quality issues, legislative, economical aspects and lack of awareness. In order to help tackle the above mentioned challenges, as well as to promote and scale-up the usage of RWH systems, best practice examples from the Gansu Province case in China and the north-eastern region of Brazil are presented.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:RUVIVAL publication series 2: 19-35 (2017-12)112 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Living Terraces as Practices in Erosion Prevention and Rainwater Harvesting(2017-09)Living terraces constitute a combination of erosion control measures on slopes. While conventional erosion control structures are proven to significantly reduce rates of erosion, they are often very labour intensive and require tremendous maintenance work in order to remain functional. Small scale farmers in regions with weak economy and a lack of appropriate land use methods are most affected by land degradation and soil erosion. Their soil conditions aggravate the already precarious conditions for farming and make them dependent on fertilisers and pesticides. These conventional farming methods intensify the already worrisome soil conditions and intensify erosion. Long term investments are difficult to carry out for small scale farmers. Switching to organic farming and labour intense erosion control measures is often avoided and most low income farmers do not even consider erosion control methods, simply because they are more concerned with their daily survival. Living terraces have the aim of providing effective erosion control and soil building with minimal labour input and maintenance work. At the same time they provide a source of income in form of livestock fodder and green manure after only a few months. This is made possible by using fast growing and draught resistant food and fodder trees like Moringa oleifera. They create a living structure with vertical and horizontal elements that holds back runoff solids and accumulates them to form terraces over time and hold them in place even in heavy rainfalls. This type of practice provides a sustainable method of erosion control, which can have a chance of being adopted by local farmers in developing countries.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:RUVIVAL publication series 1: 14-19 (2017-09)96 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files OER (Open Educational Resources) als Instrument der Abwasserwirtschaft am Beispiel des digitalen Lernprojektes der HOOU (Hamburg Open Online University)(2019) ;Schaldach, RuthPublicationtype: Conference PaperCitation Publisher Version:Hamburger Berichte zur Siedlungswasserwitschaft, Band 100, Seiten 165-173205 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Policy and technology recommendations for scaling up of onsite greywater reuse in ChennaiThe water situation is serious in India, where nearly one fifth of the world population is settling having access to only less than one twentieth of the world's freshwater resources. The expected growth in population will further aggravate water problems. Chennai, a metropolitan city in the south is facing a dire situation of water stress which could worsen in the coming years. The droughts and floods that visit Chennai are a consequence of the rapid urbanization and mismanagement of water. The governance system and the policies with respect to water and sanitation are prevalent but implementation is far from reality. Water is a finite resource that can drive every aspect of human existence, in particular the economy. Conventional linear economy taps the natural resource, produces and disposes waste byproducts to the environment to achieve economic development. Circular economy is in contrast to the conventional linear economy, where the use of natural resources is governed by ecological laws and its recurring utilization at the maximum extent to achieve economic development with the objectives of 'reducing resource use, reusing and recycling' natural resources like water. This paper will address the water stress problem by suggesting policy recommendations and technologies that can promote a circular economy of the water resource in the urban environment. Scaling up of onsite greywater reuse will be discussed as a policy in terms of implementation of the same locally in Chennai for the existing and new buildings. Appropriate nature based treatment technologies for treating the greywater will also be reviewed with respect to their ease of implementation. As a result of this study, onsite grey water treatment and reuse will be recommended for its treatability, ease of maintenance, affordability and its benefits.Publicationtype: Conference PaperCitation Publisher Version:Conference on Novel Research Trends in Civil Engineering (NRTCE 2022)Publisher DOI:10.1063/5.01593238 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Removal of the anionic dye Biebrich scarlet from water by adsorption to calcined and non-calcined Mg–Al layered double hydroxides(2016-10-01); ; ; ; ; ; A native layered double hydroxide Mg–Al–CO3, denominated LDH, containing Mg(II) and Al(III) in the layers, was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Its calcined form Mg–Al, (CLDH), was obtained by calcination at 500°C. Both materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and the determination of the point of zero charge. The porous structure of the solids was investigated by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The adsorptive affinity of these materials for Biebrich Scarlet was studied as a function of dye–adsorbent contact time, initial pH of the solution, initial dye concentration, and temperature. Sorption kinetics data fitted best to a pseudo-second-order model suggesting that the process of BS adsorption is controlled by reaction rate for interaction of dye molecules rather than by diffusion. Equilibrium data for both adsorbents were in accordance with both Sips and Langmuir isotherm models. The sorption capacity of CLDH was found to be almost independent on the initial pH, while sorption capacity of LDH was lower in neutral and alkaline conditions than at acidic pH. The adsorption process was also found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Desalination and Water Treatment 46 (57): 22061-22073 (2016-10-01)Publisher DOI:10.1080/19443994.2015.112836548 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files RUVIVAL: collaborative e-learning for sustainable rural development(2018); Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:IFAT - World’s Leading Trade Fair for Water, Sewage, Waste and Raw Materials Management (2018)29 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files Synergistic and antagonistic influences of trace elements on volatile fatty acids degradation and methane production during the methanization of a mixture of volatile fatty acids(2018-02); ; Anaerobic digestion (AD3) for methane production is also known as methanization. Trace elements (TEs4 ) as supplements are essential for enzyme activities and may improve methanization, but could also be toxic. Volatile fatty acids (VFA5) are formed during the AD of substrates and become inhibitory if accumulated. The level of ambiguity regarding optimum combination and concentration (configuration) of TEs for the improvement of VFA degradation and methane production during methanization is high. Therefore, mesophilic batch AD experiments with TEs supplementation were carried out in 1L reactors. A mixture of VFA (butyric, propionic and acetic acids) that was prepared in different concentrations (28-, 116-, and 213 mmol/L VFA) was used as substrate. The VFA degradation rate and methane production were the main responses that were investigated and analysed using multivariate analyses. The major aim of the work was to model interaction effects of the most important TEs in AD − Ni, Co, Se and Mo, and of VFA. Also, the adaptation time of the methanization process to the TEs was investigated. In the result, TEs supplementation caused variable effects on VFA degradation rate (from −10% to +139%); and methane production (from −33% to +55%). Regarding TEs interactions, for VFA degradation rate, the significant synergistic interactions included VFA*Se, Ni*Mo, VFA*Mo and Ni*Se; and the antagonistic interaction was Co*Mo. Similarly, for methane production, the significant synergistic interaction included Ni*Co and the antagonistic interaction was VFA*Ni.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 1 (6): 1455-1467 (2018-02)Publisher DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.017246 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication without files The presence of rare earth elements and critical metals in waste electric and electronic equipment: challenges for recovery(2019-01-07); ;Savvilotidou, Vasiliki; The fast growth of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) is not only a threat to our environment, but also a great source of rare earth elements (REEs) and critical metals (CMs). Despite the fact that Directive 2012/19/EU encourages the treatment of WEEE by setting targets for collection, re-use and recycling, it does not directly target the recycling of REEs and CMs. The insufficient data about the composition of REEs and CMs in electric and electronic equipment (EEE), the high recycling costs and the different motivations/interests of the stakeholders are some of the main inhibiting factors. Recently, scientific community pays much attention to the recovery and recycling of REEs and CMs due to several associated benefits. Hence this work highlights the economic importance of REEs and CMs in terms of their inevitability in EEE. Then, an overview of the supply risk of REEs and CMs and the challenges related to the recovery are provided.Publicationtype: Journal ArticleCitation Publisher Version:Global Nest Journal 4 (20): 773-777 (2018-01-01)Publisher DOI:10.30955/GNJ.00258292